scholarly journals Pepper Mild Mottle Virus as an Indicator of Fecal Pollution

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (22) ◽  
pp. 7261-7267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karyna Rosario ◽  
Erin M. Symonds ◽  
Christopher Sinigalliano ◽  
Jill Stewart ◽  
Mya Breitbart
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Fecal Pollution ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Recreational Waters ◽  
Pepper Mild Mottle Virus ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Seawater Samples ◽  
Wastewater Samples

ABSTRACT Accurate indicators of fecal pollution are needed in order to minimize public health risks associated with wastewater contamination in recreational waters. However, the bacterial indicators currently used for monitoring water quality do not correlate with the presence of pathogens. Here we demonstrate that the plant pathogen Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is widespread and abundant in wastewater from the United States, suggesting the utility of this virus as an indicator of human fecal pollution. Quantitative PCR was used to determine the abundance of PMMoV in raw sewage, treated wastewater, seawater exposed to wastewater, and fecal samples and/or intestinal homogenates from a wide variety of animals. PMMoV was present in all wastewater samples at concentrations greater than 1 million copies per milliliter of raw sewage. Despite the ubiquity of PMMoV in human feces, this virus was not detected in the majority of animal fecal samples tested, with the exception of chicken and seagull samples. PMMoV was detected in four out of six seawater samples collected near point sources of secondary treated wastewater off southeastern Florida, where it co-occurred with several other pathogens and indicators of fecal pollution. Since PMMoV was not found in nonpolluted seawater samples and could be detected in surface seawater for approximately 1 week after its initial introduction, the presence of PMMoV in the marine environment reflects a recent contamination event. Together, these data demonstrate that PMMoV is a promising new indicator of fecal pollution in coastal environments.

Pepper mild mottle virus in different water matrices

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Bonanno Ferraro ◽  
E Suffredini ◽  
P Mancini ◽  
C Veneri ◽  
M Iaconelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Pepper Mild Mottle Virus ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Bathing Waters ◽  
Seawater Samples ◽  
Wastewater Samples

Abstract Background Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), a plant virus belonging to Virgoviridae, has recently been suggested as a potential viral indicator for faecal pollution in aquatic environments, since it has been found to be abundantly excreted from healthy human subjects. Methods The occurrence, amount and diversity of PMMoV was investigated in water environments by nested RT-PCR and TaqMan based quantitative PCR. During 2017-2019, 251 water samples (92 urban wastewaters, 32 treated effluents, 16 surface water samples, 9 estuarine samples, 20 seawater samples, 67 groundwater samples, and 15 drinking waters) were analysed. Results PMMoV was detected in 73/92 (79%) wastewater samples, 22/32 (69%) treated sewages, 11/16 (69%) river samples, 6/9 (67%) estuarine samples, 5/20 (25%) bathing waters, and 9/67 (13%) groundwaters, whilst drinking water samples tested always negative. Mean viral concentrations (genome copies/L) were: raw sewage 4.2 × 106, treated sewage 7.4 × 105, river 3.2 × 103, estuarine waters 9.6 × 102, seawaters 3.0 × 102, groundwaters 7.7 × 101. Conclusions This study highlights the significant occurrence of PMMoV in aquatic environment in Italy, and a clear gradient of viral prevalence and concentrations from polluted to clean waters (wastewaters to drinking waters). Key messages PMMoV is ubiquitous throughout the water cycle in Italy with different concentrations. Studies are needed to evaluate the suitability of PMMoV as a viral indicator for human fecal pollution in waters.

scholarly journals Enteric Viruses and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus Show Significant Correlation in Select Mid-Atlantic Agricultural Waters

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brienna L. Anderson-Coughlin ◽  
Shani Craighead ◽  
Alyssa Kelly ◽  
Samantha Gartley ◽  
Adam Vanore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Pepper Mild Mottle Virus ◽  
Atlantic Region ◽  
Viral Pathogen

Enteric viruses (EV) are the largest contributors to foodborne illness and outbreaks globally. Their ability to persist in the environment, coupled with the challenges experienced in environmental monitoring create a critical aperture through which agricultural crops may become contaminated. This study involved a seventeen-month investigation of select human enteric viruses and viral indicators in non-traditional irrigation water sources, surface and reclaimed waters, in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Real-time quantitative PCR was used for detection of Aichi virus, hepatitis A virus, noroviruses GI and GII. Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), a common viral indicator of human fecal contamination, was also evaluated along with atmospheric (air and water temperature, cloud cover, and precipitation 24 h, 7 d and 14 d prior to sample collection) and physicochemical (dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity and turbidity) data to determine if there were any association between EV and measured parameters. EV were detected more frequently in reclaimed waters (32%, n=22) than in surface waters (4%, n=49) similar to PMMoV detection frequency in surface (33%, n=42) and reclaimed (67%, n=21) water. Our data show a significant correlation between EV and PMMoV (R2=0.628; p<0.05) detection in reclaimed water samples, but not in surface waters (R2=0.476; p=0.78). Water salinity significantly affected the detection of both EV and PMMoV (p<0.05) as demonstrated by logistic regression analyses. These results provide relevant insights into the extent and degree of association between human enteric (pathogenic) viruses and water quality data in Mid-Atlantic surface and reclaimed waters as potential sources for agricultural irrigation. IMPORTANCE Microbiological analysis of agricultural waters is fundamental to ensure microbial food safety. The highly variable nature of non-traditional sources of irrigation water are particularly difficult to test for the presence of viruses. Multiple characteristics influence viral persistence in a water source as well as affect the recovery and detection methods which are employed. Testing for a suite of viruses in water samples is often too costly and labor intensive, making identification of suitable indicators for viral pathogen contamination necessary. The results from this study address two critical data gaps: enteric virus prevalence in surface and reclaimed waters of the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States and subsequent evaluation of physicochemical and atmospheric parameters used to inform the potential for use of indicators of viral contamination.

scholarly journals Eukaryotic Viruses in Wastewater Samples from the United States

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 1402-1409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin M. Symonds ◽  
Dale W. Griffin ◽  
Mya Breitbart
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fecal Pollution ◽  
Fecal Matter ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Quality Assessments ◽  
Final Effluent ◽  
Unknown Sequence

ABSTRACT Human fecal matter contains a large number of viruses, and current bacterial indicators used for monitoring water quality do not correlate with the presence of pathogenic viruses. Adenoviruses and enteroviruses have often been used to identify fecal pollution in the environment; however, other viruses shed in fecal matter may more accurately detect fecal pollution. The purpose of this study was to develop a baseline understanding of the types of viruses found in raw sewage. PCR was used to detect adenoviruses, enteroviruses, hepatitis B viruses, herpesviruses, morbilliviruses, noroviruses, papillomaviruses, picobirnaviruses, reoviruses, and rotaviruses in raw sewage collected throughout the United States. Adenoviruses and picobirnaviruses were detected in 100% of raw sewage samples and 25% and 33% of final effluent samples, respectively. Enteroviruses and noroviruses were detected in 75% and 58% of raw sewage samples, respectively, and both viral groups were found in 8% of final effluent samples. This study showed that adenoviruses, enteroviruses, noroviruses, and picobirnaviruses are widespread in raw sewage. Since adenoviruses and picobirnaviruses were detected in 100% of raw sewage samples, they are potential markers of fecal contamination. Additionally, this research uncovered previously unknown sequence diversity in human picobirnaviruses. This baseline understanding of viruses in raw sewage will enable educated decisions to be made regarding the use of different viruses in water quality assessments.

Catch basin inserts to reduce pollution from stormwater

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 23-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-L. Lau ◽  
E. Khan ◽  
M. K. Stenstrom
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
The United States ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Santa Monica Bay ◽  
Santa Monica ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Catch Basins

Stormwater contamination represents the largest source of contaminants to many receiving waters in the United States, such as Santa Monica Bay in Los Angeles, California. Point sources to these same waters generally receive secondary or better treatment before they are released, and they are usually discharged through outfalls that diffuse the wastewater plume to prevent it from contacting the shoreline. Stormwaters receive no treatment and reach the receiving waters through a variety of ways, but most enter through catch basins or inserts to storm drains that terminate at the beach or in shallow coastal areas. Under these conditions, the stormwater discharge may have greater impact on the quality and utility of the receiving water than the treated wastewater discharges. One method of reducing pollution is to equip catch basins with an insert that can capture pollutants. A number of commercially available devices exist but few have been evaluated by independent parties in full-scale applications. A series of tests using bench and full-scale devices under both laboratory and field conditions were conducted to evaluate their ability to remove trash and debris, suspended solids and oil and grease in stormwaters. The results presented in the paper should provide a basis for future insert development and application.

scholarly journals First Complete Genome Sequence of Pepper mild mottle virus from Chili Pepper in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (18) ◽  
pp. e00331-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Secrist ◽  
Akhtar Ali
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chili Pepper ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Pepper Mild Mottle Virus ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) was first reported as a latent strain in the United States and then later reported in other countries around the world. Here, we report the first complete genome sequence of a PMMoV isolate (BL14) that was collected from chili pepper during the 2014 growing season in Oklahoma.

scholarly journals Evaluating recovery, cost, and throughput of different concentration methods for SARS-CoV-2 wastewater-based epidemiology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary W. LaTurner ◽  
David M. Zong ◽  
Prashant Kalvapalle ◽  
Kiara Reyes Gamas ◽  
Austen Terwilliger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mottle Virus ◽  
List Type ◽  
Pepper Mild Mottle Virus ◽  
Method Performance ◽  
Bovine Coronavirus ◽  
Bead Beating ◽  
Virus Rna ◽  
Recovery Cost ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Concentration Methods

AbstractAs the COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect communities across the globe, the need to contain the spread of the outbreaks is of paramount importance. Wastewater monitoring of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the causative agent responsible for COVID-19, has emerged as a promising tool for health officials to anticipate outbreaks. As interest in wastewater monitoring continues to grow and municipalities begin to implement this approach, there is a need to further identify and evaluate methods used to concentrate SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA from wastewater samples. Here we evaluate the recovery, cost, and throughput of five different concentration methods for quantifying SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA in wastewater samples. We tested the five methods on six different wastewater samples. We also evaluated the use of a bovine coronavirus vaccine as a process control and pepper mild mottle virus as a normalization factor. Of the five methods we tested head-to-head, we found that HA filtration with bead beating performed the best in terms of sensitivity and cost. This evaluation can serve as a guide for laboratories establishing a protocol to perform wastewater monitoring of SARS-CoV-2.HighlightsFive methods for concentrating SARS-CoV-2 RNA from wastewater evaluatedMethod performance characterized via recovery, cost, throughput, and variabilityHA filtration with bead beating had highest recovery for comparatively low costBovine coronavirus, pepper mild mottle virus assessed as possible recovery controls

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