scholarly journals Ecological Succession and Viability of Human-Associated Microbiota on Restroom Surfaces

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 765-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean M. Gibbons ◽  
Tara Schwartz ◽  
Jennifer Fouquier ◽  
Michelle Mitchell ◽  
Naseer Sangwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Human Papilloma Virus ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cultivable Bacteria ◽  
Dispersal Agents

ABSTRACTHuman-associated bacteria dominate the built environment (BE). Following decontamination of floors, toilet seats, and soap dispensers in four public restrooms,in situbacterial communities were characterized hourly, daily, and weekly to determine their successional ecology. The viability of cultivable bacteria, following the removal of dispersal agents (humans), was also assessed hourly. A late-successional community developed within 5 to 8 h on restroom floors and showed remarkable stability over weeks to months. Despite late-successional dominance by skin- and outdoor-associated bacteria, the most ubiquitous organisms were predominantly gut-associated taxa, which persisted following exclusion of humans.Staphylococcusrepresented the majority of the cultivable community, even after several hours of human exclusion. Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA)-associated virulence genes were found on floors but were not present in assembledStaphylococcuspan-genomes. Viral abundances, which were predominantly enterophages, human papilloma virus, and herpesviruses, were significantly correlated with bacterial abundances and showed an unexpectedly low virus-to-bacterium ratio in surface-associated samples, suggesting that bacterial hosts are mostly dormant on BE surfaces.

Human papilloma virus detection in liquid cytology, in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction

2005 ◽  
Vol 446 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Alameda ◽  
L. Pijuan ◽  
L. Ferrer ◽  
M. L. Mari�oso ◽  
M. Muset ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Human Papilloma Virus ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Polymerase Chain

scholarly journals Sponge-Associated Bacteria Are Strictly Maintained in Two Closely Related but Geographically Distant Sponge Hosts

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (20) ◽  
pp. 7207-7216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi F. Montalvo ◽  
Russell T. Hill
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Sponge Species ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Sponge Associated Bacteria

ABSTRACTThe giant barrel spongesXestospongiamutaandXestospongiatestudinariaare ubiquitous in tropical reefs of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, respectively. They are key species in their respective environments and are hosts to diverse assemblages of bacteria. These two closely related sponges from different oceans provide a unique opportunity to examine the evolution of sponge-associated bacterial communities. Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene sequences fromX.mutaandX.testudinariashowed little divergence between the two species. A detailed analysis of the bacterial communities associated with these sponges, comprising over 900 full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences, revealed remarkable similarity in the bacterial communities of the two species. Both sponge-associated communities include sequences found only in the twoXestospongiaspecies, as well as sequences found also in other sponge species and are dominated by three bacterial groups,Chloroflexi,Acidobacteria, andActinobacteria. While these groups consistently dominate the bacterial communities revealed by 16S rRNA gene-based analysis of sponge-associated bacteria, the depth of sequencing undertaken in this study revealed clades of bacteria specifically associated with each of the twoXestospongiaspecies, and also with the genusXestospongia, that have not been found associated with other sponge species or other ecosystems. This study, comparing the bacterial communities associated with closely related but geographically distant sponge hosts, gives new insight into the intimate relationships between marine sponges and some of their bacterial symbionts.

In situ Localization of Human Papilloma Virus Type 16 DNA in a Metastasis of an Endocervical Adenocarcinoma

Intervirology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan M.M. Walboomers ◽  
Hendrik E. Fokke ◽  
Mirjam Polak ◽  
Herman Volkers ◽  
Hendrik Jan Houthoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Papilloma Virus ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Human Papilloma Virus Type ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Endocervical Adenocarcinoma

Viral load of human papilloma virus 16 as a determinant for development of cervical carcinoma in situ: a nested case-control study

The Lancet ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 355 (9222) ◽  
pp. 2189-2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnetha M Josefsson ◽  
Patrik KE Magnusson ◽  
Nathalie Ylitalo ◽  
Per Sørensen ◽  
Pernilla Qwarforth-Tubbin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Human Papilloma Virus ◽  
Carcinoma In Situ ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Human Papilloma Virus 16 ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Repression of Capsule Production by XdrA and CodY inStaphylococcus aureus

2018 ◽  
Vol 200 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei G. Lei ◽  
Chia Y. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Promoter Region ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Capsule Production ◽  
Complex Regulatory Network ◽  
Broad Region

ABSTRACTCapsule is one of many virulence factors produced byStaphylococcus aureus, and its expression is highly regulated. Here, we report the repression of capsule by direct interaction of XdrA and CodY with the capsule promoter region. We found, by footprinting analyses, that XdrA repressed capsule by binding to a broad region that extended from upstream of the −35 region of the promoter to the coding region ofcapA, the first gene of the 16-genecapoperon. Footprinting analyses also revealed that CodY bound to a large region that overlapped extensively with that of XdrA. We found that repression of thecapgenes in thexdrAmutant could be achieved by the overexpression ofcodYbut not vice versa, suggestingcodYis epistatic toxdrA. However, we found XdrA had no effect on CodY expression. These results suggest that XdrA plays a secondary role in capsule regulation by promoting CodY repression of thecapgenes. Oxacillin slightly inducedxdrAexpression and reducedcappromoter activity, but the effect of oxacillin on capsule was not mediated through XdrA.IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus aureusemploys a complex regulatory network to coordinate the expression of various virulence genes to achieve successful infections. How virulence genes are coordinately regulated is still poorly understood. We have been studying capsule regulation as a model system to explore regulatory networking inS. aureus. In this study, we found that XdrA and CodY have broad binding sites that overlap extensively in the capsule promoter region. Our results also suggest that XdrA assists CodY in the repression of capsule. As capsule gene regulation by DNA-binding regulators has not been fully investigated, the results presented here fill an important knowledge gap, thereby further advancing our understanding of the global virulence regulatory network inS. aureus.

scholarly journals Stochastic Expression of Sae-Dependent Virulence Genes during Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Development Is Dependent on SaeS

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. DelMain ◽  
Derek E. Moormeier ◽  
Jennifer L. Endres ◽  
Rebecca E. Hodges ◽  
Marat R. Sadykov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Extracellular Dna ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Bistable Switch ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Stochastic Expression ◽  
Biofilm Development

ABSTRACT The intricate process of biofilm formation in the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus involves distinct stages during which a complex mixture of matrix molecules is produced and modified throughout the developmental cycle. Early in biofilm development, a subpopulation of cells detaches from its substrate in an event termed “exodus” that is mediated by SaePQRS-dependent stochastic expression of a secreted staphylococcal nuclease, which degrades extracellular DNA within the matrix, causing the release of cells and subsequently allowing for the formation of metabolically heterogenous microcolonies. Since the SaePQRS regulatory system is involved in the transcriptional control of multiple S. aureus virulence factors, the expression of several additional virulence genes was examined within a developing biofilm by introducing fluorescent gene reporter plasmids into wild-type S. aureus and isogenic regulatory mutants and growing these strains in a microfluidic system that supplies the bacteria with a constant flow of media while simultaneously imaging developing biofilms in 5-min intervals. This study demonstrated that multiple virulence genes, including nuc, were expressed stochastically within a specialized subpopulation of cells in nascent biofilms. We demonstrated that virulence genes regulated by SaePQRS were stochastically expressed in nearly all strains examined whereas Agr-regulated genes were expressed more homogenously within maturing microcolonies. The commonly used Newman strain contains a variant of SaeS (SaeSP) that confers constitutive kinase activity to the protein and caused this strain to lack the stochastic expression pattern observed in other strain backgrounds. Importantly, repair of the SaeSP allele resulting in reversion to the well-conserved SaeSL allele found in other strains restored stochastic expression in this strain. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen capable of colonizing diverse tissue types and inducing severe disease in both immunocompromised and otherwise healthy individuals. Biofilm infections caused by this bacterial species are of particular concern because of their persistence, even in the face of intensive therapeutic intervention. The results of the current study demonstrate the stochastic nature of Sae-mediated virulence gene expression in S. aureus and indicate that this regulatory system may function as a “bistable switch” in a manner similar to that seen with regulators controlling competence gene expression in Bacillus subtilis and persister cell formation in Escherichia coli. The results of this study provide a new perspective on the complex mechanisms utilized by S. aureus during the establishment of infections.

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