scholarly journals Community Size and Metabolic Rates of Psychrophilic Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Arctic Marine Sediments

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 4230-4233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Knoblauch ◽  
Bo Barker Jørgensen ◽  
Jens Harder
Keyword(s):  
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Community Size ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Sulfate Reducers ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Sulfate Reduction Rates ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

ABSTRACT The numbers of sulfate reducers in two Arctic sediments with in situ temperatures of 2.6 and −1.7°C were determined. Most-probable-number counts were higher at 10°C than at 20°C, indicating the predominance of a psychrophilic community. Mean specific sulfate reduction rates of 19 isolated psychrophiles were compared to corresponding rates of 9 marine, mesophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria. The results indicate that, as a physiological adaptation to the permanently cold Arctic environment, psychrophilic sulfate reducers have considerably higher specific metabolic rates than their mesophilic counterparts at similarly low temperatures.

Improved Most-Probable-Number Method To Detect Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria with Natural Media and a Radiotracer

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1700-1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flemming Vester ◽  
Kjeld Ingvorsen
Keyword(s):  
Sulfate Reduction ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Sulfate Reduction Rates ◽  
Synthetic Media ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Natural Media

ABSTRACT A greatly improved most-probable-number (MPN) method for selective enumeration of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is described. The method is based on the use of natural media and radiolabeled sulfate (35SO4 2−). The natural media used consisted of anaerobically prepared sterilized sludge or sediment slurries obtained from sampling sites. The densities of SRB in sediment samples from Kysing Fjord (Denmark) and activated sludge were determined by using a normal MPN (N-MPN) method with synthetic cultivation media and a tracer MPN (T-MPN) method with natural media. The T-MPN method with natural media always yielded significantly higher (100- to 1,000-fold-higher) MPN values than the N-MPN method with synthetic media. The recovery of SRB from environmental samples was investigated by simultaneously measuring sulfate reduction rates (by a35S-radiotracer method) and bacterial counts by using the T-MPN and N-MPN methods, respectively. When bacterial numbers estimated by the T-MPN method with natural media were used, specific sulfate reduction rates (qSO4 2−) of 10−14to 10−13 mol of SO4 2−cell−1 day−1 were calculated, which is within the range of qSO4 2− values previously reported for pure cultures of SRB (10−15 to 10−14 mol of SO4 2− cell−1day−1). qSO4 2− values calculated from N-MPN values obtained with synthetic media were several orders of magnitude higher (2 � 10−10 to 7 � 10−10 mol of SO4 2−cell−1 day−1), showing that viable counts of SRB were seriously underestimated when standard enumeration media were used. Our results demonstrate that the use of natural media results in significant improvements in estimates of the true numbers of SRB in environmental samples.

scholarly journals Acetogenic and Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria Inhabiting the Rhizoplane and Deep Cortex Cells of the Sea Grass Halodule wrightii

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 5117-5123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Küsel ◽  
Holly C. Pinkart ◽  
Harold L. Drake ◽  
Richard Devereux
Keyword(s):  
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Halodule Wrightii ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Sulfate Reducers ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Sea Grass ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

ABSTRACT Recent declines in sea grass distribution underscore the importance of understanding microbial community structure-function relationships in sea grass rhizospheres that might affect the viability of these plants. Phospholipid fatty acid analyses showed that sulfate-reducing bacteria and clostridia were enriched in sediments colonized by the sea grasses Halodule wrightii andThalassia testudinum compared to an adjacent unvegetated sediment. Most-probable-number analyses found that in contrast to butyrate-producing clostridia, acetogens and acetate-utilizing sulfate reducers were enriched by an order of magnitude in rhizosphere sediments. Although sea grass roots are oxygenated in the daytime, colorimetric root incubation studies demonstrated that acetogenic O-demethylation and sulfidogenic iron precipitation activities were tightly associated with washed, sediment-free H. wrightii roots. This suggests that the associated anaerobes are able to tolerate exposure to oxygen. To localize and quantify the anaerobic microbial colonization, root thin sections were hybridized with newly developed 33P-labeled probes that targeted (i) low-G+C-content gram-positive bacteria, (ii) cluster I species of clostridia, (iii) species of Acetobacterium, and (iv) species of Desulfovibrio. Microautoradiography revealed intercellular colonization of the roots by Acetobacteriumand Desulfovibrio species. Acetogenic bacteria occurred mostly in the rhizoplane and outermost cortex cell layers, and high numbers of sulfate reducers were detected on all epidermal cells and inward, colonizing some 60% of the deepest cortex cells. Approximately 30% of epidermal cells were colonized by bacteria that hybridized with an archaeal probe, strongly suggesting the presence of methanogens. Obligate anaerobes within the roots might contribute to the vitality of sea grasses and other aquatic plants and to the biogeochemistry of the surrounding sediment.

Enumeration of selected bacterial populations in a high mountain watershed

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1487-1492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. D. Skinner ◽  
J. C. Adams ◽  
P. A. Rechard ◽  
A. A. Beetle
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Site ◽  
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Mountain Watershed ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Nitrate Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Stream Systems

Nitrate-reducing bacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria, fluorescent bacteria, and the total viable count were enumerated in three stream systems within a high mountain watershed over a period of two winters and two summers from 1970 to 1972. Spread plate and most probable number procedures showed that the number of fluorescent bacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria, nitrate-reducing bacteria, and the total count were generally constant throughout the year at the lowest sampling site on the stream systems. However, in some cases and for short periods of time, the numbers of these bacteria appeared to be influenced by recreational use of the land and stream flow. For example, denitrifying bacteria increased in number during the winter recreational period and gave the lowest counts in July.

scholarly journals Concentration of sheep manure bacteria in the immobilization of arsenic from groundwater using zero-valent

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wahyu Wilopo ◽  
Keiko Sasaki ◽  
Tsuyoshi Hirajim
Keyword(s):  
Arsenic Concentration ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Permeable Reactive Barrier ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Sheep Manure ◽  
Population Size Estimates ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

Permeable reactive barrier column tests were performed to investigate whether anaerobic bacteria in sheep manure could help remove As from groundwater. One column served as a control and was packed with zero-valent iron (ZVI), compost leaf, wood chips, glass beads, and gravel, after which it was sterilized. The other (‘inoculated column’) was packed with the same ingredients, with the addition of sheep manure as a source of anaerobic bacteria. Simulated As-contaminated groundwater was prepared based on groundwater samples from Sumbawa Island, Indonesia, but with the arsenic concentration adjusted to 50 mg/L. The inoculated column was found to remove As more effectively from the simulated groundwater than the sterilized one. A gradual decrease in sulfate concentration was observed in the inoculated column at the rate of 0.26 mmol of sulfate/L/day, suggesting that there was sulfate-reducing activity in the microbial population. In addition, the sulfur isotope ratio showed -4.3 (‰) and 0.2 (‰) in influent and effluent, respectively, indicating that sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) consumed δ32S preferentially. Using population size estimates from the most probable number (MPN) method, the population of SRB was found to increase with distance traveled in the column. Profiling the community composition of the bacteria in different fractions of the inoculated column using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) on 16S rRNA sequences suggested that a majority of bacteria were various Clostridium species and one species of Proteobacteria, Geobacter metallireducens GS-15. Some of them may contribute to the removal of arsenic.Keywords: Sheep manure, zero valence iron, arsenic, immobilization, sulfate-reducing bacteria

scholarly journals Molecular Phylogenetic and Biogeochemical Studies of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in the Rhizosphere ofSpartina alterniflora

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 2209-2216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Hines ◽  
Robert S. Evans ◽  
Barbara R. Sharak Genthner ◽  
Stephanie G. Willis ◽  
Stephanie Friedman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Root ◽  
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Reduction Activity ◽  
Geochemical Parameters ◽  
Marsh Sediments ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

ABSTRACT The population composition and biogeochemistry of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in the rhizosphere of the marsh grass Spartina alterniflora was investigated over two growing seasons by molecular probing, enumerations of culturable SRB, and measurements of SO4 2− reduction rates and geochemical parameters. SO4 2− reduction was rapid in marsh sediments with rates up to 3.5 μmol ml−1day−1. Rates increased greatly when plant growth began in April and decreased again when plants flowered in late July. Results with nucleic acid probes revealed that SRB rRNA accounted for up to 43% of the rRNA from members of the domain Bacteria in marsh sediments, with the highest percentages occurring in bacteria physically associated with root surfaces. The relative abundance (RA) of SRB rRNA in whole-sediment samples compared to that ofBacteria rRNA did not vary greatly throughout the year, despite large temporal changes in SO4 2−reduction activity. However, the RA of root-associated SRB did increase from <10 to >30% when plants were actively growing. rRNA from members of the family Desulfobacteriaceae comprised the majority of the SRB rRNA at 3 to 34% of Bacteria rRNA, with Desulfobulbus spp. accounting for 1 to 16%. The RA ofDesulfovibrio rRNA generally comprised from <1 to 3% of the Bacteria rRNA. The highestDesulfobacteriaceae RA in whole sediments was 26% and was found in the deepest sediment samples (6 to 8 cm). Culturable SRB abundance, determined by most-probable-number analyses, was high at >107 ml−1. Ethanol utilizers were most abundant, followed by acetate utilizers. The high numbers of culturable SRB and the high RA of SRB rRNA compared to that ofBacteria rRNA may be due to the release of SRB substrates in plant root exudates, creating a microbial food web that circumvents fermentation.

scholarly journals Two Marine Desulfotomaculum spp. of Different Origin are Capable of Utilizing Acetone and Higher Ketones

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmin Frey ◽  
Sophie Kaßner ◽  
Bernhard Schink
Keyword(s):  
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Thiamine Diphosphate ◽  
Sulfate Reducers ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Nitrate Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Different Origin

AbstractDegradation of acetone and higher ketones has been described in detail for aerobic and nitrate-reducing bacteria. Among sulfate-reducing bacteria, degradation of acetone and other ketones is still an uncommon ability and has not been understood completely yet. In the present work, we show that Desulfotomaculum arcticum and Desulfotomaculum geothermicum are able to degrade acetone and butanone. Total proteomics of cell-free extracts of both organisms indicated an involvement of a thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzyme, a B12-dependent mutase, and a specific dehydrogenase during acetone degradation. Similar enzymes were recently described to be involved in acetone degradation by Desulfococcus biacutus. As there are so far only two described sulfate reducers able to degrade acetone, D. arcticum and D. geothermicum represent two further species with this capacity. All these bacteria appear to degrade acetone via the same set of enzymes and therefore via the same pathway.

Interactions between filamentous sulfur bacteria, sulfate reducing bacteria and poly-P accumulating bacteria in anaerobic-oxic activated sludge from a municipal plant

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 599-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoko Yamamoto-Ikemoto ◽  
Saburo Matsui ◽  
Tomoaki Komori ◽  
Edja. Kofi. Bosque-Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Sulfate Reduction ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Sulfate Reduction Rate ◽  
Filamentous Bulking ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Sulfur Bacteria ◽  
Sulfate Reduction Rates ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

The interactions between filamentous sulfur bacteria (FSB), sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and poly-P accumulating bacteria (PAB) in the activated sludge of a municipal plant operated under anaerobic-oxic conditions were examined in batch experiments using return sludge (RAS) and settled sewage. Phosphate release and sulfate reduction occurred simultaneously under anaerobic conditions. SRB were more sensitive to temperature changes than PAB. SRB played an important role in the decomposition of propionate to acetate. When the sulfate reduction rates were high, there was a tendency for the maximum release of phosphate also to be high. This was explained by the fact that PAB utilized the acetate produced by SRB. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria were sensitive to temperature change. When the sulfate reduction rate was high, the sulfide oxidizing rate was also high and filamentous bulking occurred. The results showed that sulfate reduction was a cause of filamentous bulking due to Type 021N that could utilize reduced sulfur.

scholarly journals Composition and Function of Sulfate-Reducing Prokaryotes in Eutrophic and Pristine Areas of the Florida Everglades

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 6129-6137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector Castro ◽  
K. R. Reddy ◽  
Andrew Ogram
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Original System ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Florida Everglades ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Limited Degree ◽  
Sulfate Reduction Rates ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT As a result of agricultural activities in regions adjacent to the northern boundary of the Florida Everglades, a nutrient gradient developed that resulted in physicochemical and ecological changes from the original system. Sulfate input from agricultural runoff and groundwater is present in soils of the Northern Everglades, and sulfate-reducing prokaryotes (SRP) may play an important role in biogeochemical processes such as carbon cycling. The goal of this project was to utilize culture-based and non-culture-based approaches to study differences between the composition of assemblages of SRP in eutrophic and pristine areas of the Everglades. Sulfate reduction rates and most-probable-number enumerations revealed SRP populations and activities to be greater in eutrophic zones than in more pristine soils. In eutrophic regions, methanogenesis rates were higher, the addition of acetate stimulated methanogenesis, and SRP able to utilize acetate competed to a limited degree with acetoclastic methanogens. A surprising amount of diversity within clone libraries of PCR-amplified dissimilatory sulfite reductase (DSR) genes was observed, and the majority of DSR sequences were associated with gram-positive spore-forming Desulfotomaculum and uncultured microorganisms. Sequences associated with Desulfotomaculum fall into two categories: in the eutrophic regions, 94.7% of the sequences related to Desulfotomaculum were associated with those able to completely oxidize substrates, and in samples from pristine regions, all Desulfotomaculum-like sequences were related to incomplete oxidizers. This metabolic selection may be linked to the types of substrates that Desulfotomaculum spp. utilize; it may be that complete oxidizers are more versatile and likelier to proliferate in nutrient-rich zones of the Everglades. Desulfotomaculum incomplete oxidizers may outcompete complete oxidizers for substrates such as hydrogen in pristine zones where diverse carbon sources are less available.

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