Clinical Significance of Filamentous Basidiomycetes Illustrated by Isolates of the Novel Opportunist Ceriporia lacerata from the Human Respiratory Tract

COVID-19 causing virus is a single stranded RNA virus which has spread across the globe causing human respiratory tract infection. The novel virus which started from Wuhan was named as Wuhan coronavirus or 2019 novel corona virus (2019-nCov) by the Chinese researchers. The international committee on taxonomy of viruses named the virus as SARS-CoV-2 and the disease as COVID-19. There is preliminary in vitro evidence of the ability of CQ and HCQ to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 activity. Various small group clinical studies conducted in china indicated efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in Covid-19 cases but results were inconclusive. Based on these studies national agencies in various countries issued guidelines mentioning that chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine are only to be used in clinical trials or emergency use programs. However, USFDA does not recommend use of both these drugs for treatment of COVID-19 cases. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are known to produce dose dependent toxicity including fatal arrhythmias therefore its possible benefit has to be assessed against its risk. Large number of international and national studies are ongoing to assess exact status of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for treatment and prophylaxis of COVID-19 infection. Based on these results ICMR recommend to use hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis of COVID-19 in India and hydroxychloroquine has been is included in schedule H1 hence they can be sold by pharmaceutical chemists only strictly with a valid prescription and require record to be maintained but chloroquine is still under schedule H which require to be sold with prescription.

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Population Bottlenecks and Intra-host Evolution During Human-to-Human Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Frontiers in Medicine ◽

10.3389/fmed.2021.585358 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Daxi Wang ◽

Yanqun Wang ◽

Wanying Sun ◽

Lu Zhang ◽

Jingkai Ji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Stochastic Dynamics ◽

The Novel ◽

Population Bottlenecks ◽

Human Respiratory Tract ◽

Human Coronavirus ◽

Active Viral Replication ◽

Host Evolution ◽

Replication Activity

The emergence of the novel human coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, causes a global COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic. Here, we have characterized and compared viral populations of SARS-CoV-2 among COVID-19 patients within and across households. Our work showed an active viral replication activity in the human respiratory tract and the co-existence of genetically distinct viruses within the same host. The inter-host comparison among viral populations further revealed a narrow transmission bottleneck between patients from the same households, suggesting a dominated role of stochastic dynamics in both inter-host and intra-host evolutions.

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Tropism of the Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Human Respiratory Tract: An Analysis in Ex Vivo and In Vitro Cultures

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3552870 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kenrie PY Hui ◽

Man-Chun Cheung ◽

Ranawaka APM Perera ◽

Ka-Chun Ng ◽

Christine BT Bui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

The Novel ◽

Human Respiratory Tract ◽

Novel Coronavirus

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A model for deposition of stable and unstable aerosols in the human respiratory tract

AIHAJ ◽

10.1080/15298667991430703 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 40 (12) ◽

pp. 1055-1066 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

E. AUSTIN ◽

J. BROCK ◽

E. WISSLER

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Human Respiratory Tract

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Numerical assessment of natural respiration and particles deposition in the computed tomography scan airway with a glomus tumour

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part E Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.1177/09544089211024063 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095440892110240

Author(s):

Digamber Singh

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Particle Deposition ◽

Flow Characteristics ◽

Glomus Tumour ◽

Computed Tomography Scan ◽

Human Respiratory Tract ◽

Airflow Pattern ◽

Human Airways ◽

Tomography Scan

The human respiratory tract has a complex airflow pattern. If any obstruction is present in the airways, it will change the airflow pattern and deposit particles inside the airways. This is the concern of breath quality (inspired air), and it is decreasing due to the unplanned production of material goods. This is a primary cause of respiratory illness (asthma, cancer, etc.). Therefore, it is important to identify the flow characteristics in the human airways and airways with a glomus tumour with particle deposition. A numerical diagnosis is presented with an asymmetric unsteady-state light breathing condition (10 l/min). An in vitro human respiratory tract model has been reconstructed using computed tomography scan techniques and an artificial glomus tumour developed 2 cm above a carina on the posterior wall of the trachea. The transient flow characteristics are numerically simulated with a realizable (low Reynolds number) k–ɛ turbulence model. The flow disturbance is captured around the tumour, which influenced the upstream and downstream of the flow. The flow velocity pattern, wall shear stress and probable area of inflammation (hotspot) due to suspended particle deposition are determined, which may assist doctors more effectively in aerosol therapy and prosthetics of human airways illness.

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