Antibody-Mediated Enhancement of Parvovirus B19 Uptake into Endothelial Cells Mediated by a Receptor for Complement Factor C1q

ABSTRACTDespite its strong host tropism for erythroid progenitor cells, human parvovirus B19 (B19V) can also infect a variety of additional cell types. Acute and chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathies have been associated with a high prevalence of B19V DNA in endothelial cells of the myocardium. To elucidate the mechanisms of B19V uptake into endothelium, we first analyzed the surface expression of the well-characterized primary B19V receptor P antigen and the putative coreceptors α5β1integrins and Ku80 antigen on primary and permanent endothelial cells. The receptor expression pattern and also the primary attachment levels were similar to those in the UT7/Epo-S1 cell line regarded as functional for B19V entry, but internalization of the virus was strongly reduced. As an alternative B19V uptake mechanism in endothelial cells, we demonstrated antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), with up to a 4,000-fold increase in B19V uptake in the presence of B19V-specific human antibodies. ADE was mediated almost exclusively at the level of virus internalization, with efficient B19V translocation to the nucleus. In contrast to monocytes, where ADE of B19V has been described previously, enhancement does not rely on interaction of the virus-antibody complexes with Fc receptors (FcRs), but rather, involves an alternative mechanism mediated by the heat-sensitive complement factor C1q and its receptor, CD93. Our results suggest that ADE represents the predominant mechanism of endothelial B19V infection, and it is tempting to speculate that it may play a role in the pathogenicity of cardiac B19V infection.IMPORTANCEBoth efficient entry and productive infection of human parvovirus B19 (B19V) seem to be limited to erythroid progenitor cells. However,in vivo, the viral DNA can also be detected in additional cell types, such as endothelial cells of the myocardium, where its presence has been associated with acute and chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathies. In this study, we demonstrated that uptake of B19V into endothelial cells most probably does not rely on the classical receptor-mediated route via the primary B19V receptor P antigen and coreceptors, such as α5β1integrins, but rather on antibody-dependent mechanisms. Since the strong antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of B19V entry requires the CD93 surface protein, it very likely involves bridging of the B19V-antibody complexes to this receptor by the complement factor C1q, leading to enhanced endocytosis of the virus.

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Replication and cytopathaology of human parvovirus B19 in human umbilical cord blood erythroid progenitor cells

Journal of Medical Virology ◽

10.1002/jmv.1890360209 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 125-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Carlos E. Sosa ◽

James B. Mahony ◽

Kathleen E. Luinstra ◽

Marion Sternbach ◽

Max A. Chernesky

Keyword(s):

Cord Blood ◽

Progenitor Cells ◽

Umbilical Cord ◽

Umbilical Cord Blood ◽

Parvovirus B19 ◽

Human Umbilical Cord Blood ◽

Human Umbilical Cord ◽

Human Parvovirus B19 ◽

Erythroid Progenitor ◽

Erythroid Progenitor Cells

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α5β1 integrin as a cellular coreceptor for human parvovirus B19: requirement of functional activation of β1 integrin for viral entry

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2003-05-1522 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 102 (12) ◽

pp. 3927-3933 ◽

Cited By ~ 147

Author(s):

Kirsten A. Weigel-Kelley ◽

Mervin C. Yoder ◽

Arun Srivastava

Keyword(s):

Cell Surface ◽

Progenitor Cells ◽

Viral Entry ◽

Phorbol Esters ◽

Parvovirus B19 ◽

Cell Surface Receptor ◽

Β1 Integrin ◽

Human Parvovirus B19 ◽

Erythroid Progenitor ◽

Erythroid Progenitor Cells

Abstract Replication of the pathogenic human parvovirus B19 is restricted to erythroid progenitor cells. Although blood group P antigen has been reported to be the cell surface receptor for parvovirus B19, a number of nonerythroid cells, which express P antigen, are not permissive for parvovirus B19 infection. We have documented that P antigen is necessary for parvovirus B19 binding but not sufficient for virus entry into cells. To test whether parvovirus B19 utilizes a cell surface coreceptor for entry, we used human erythroleukemia cells (K562), which allow parvovirus B19 binding but not entry. We report here that upon treatment with phorbol esters, K562 cells become adherent and permissive for parvovirus B19 entry, which is mediated by α5β1 integrins, but only in their high-affinity conformation. Mature human red blood cells (RBCs), which express high levels of P antigen, but not α5β1 integrins, bind parvovirus B19 but do not allow viral entry. In contrast, primary human erythroid progenitor cells express high levels of both P antigen and α5β1 integrins and allow β1 integrin–mediated entry of parvovirus B19. Thus, in a natural course of infection, RBCs are likely exploited for a highly efficient systemic dissemination of parvovirus B19.

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New Insights of Human Parvovirus B19 in Modulating Erythroid Progenitor Cells Differentiation

10.20944/preprints201910.0179.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Shuwen Feng ◽

Dongxin Zeng ◽

Junwen Zheng ◽

Dongchi Zhao

Keyword(s):

Progenitor Cells ◽

Nonstructural Protein ◽

Parvovirus B19 ◽

Fetal Loss ◽

Main Body ◽

Severe Anemia ◽

Red Cell ◽

Human Parvovirus B19 ◽

Erythroid Progenitor ◽

Erythroid Progenitor Cells

Background Human parvovirus B19, a human pathogen of the erythroparvovirus genus, is responsible for a variety of diseases. Despite less symptoms caused by B19 infection in healthy individuals, this pathogen can not be neglected in specific groups who exhibit severe anemia. Main body of abstract Transient aplastic crisis and pure red cell aplasia are two kinds of anemic hemogram respectively in acute phase and chronic B19 infection, especially occur in individuals with a shortened red cell survival or immunocompromised patients. In addition, B19 infected pregnant women may suffer risks of hydrops fetalis secondary to severe anemia and fetal loss. B19 possesses high affinity to bone marrow and fetal liver due to its extremely restricted cytotoxicity to erythroid progenitor cells mediated by viral proteins. The nonstructural protein NS1 is considered to be the major pathogenic factor, which takes parts in differentiational inhibition and apoptosis of erythroid progenitor cells through inducing viral DNA damage responses and cell cycle arrest. The time phase property of NS1 activity during DNA replication and conformity to transient change of hemogram are suggestive of its role in regulating differentiation of hematopoietic cells, which is not completely understood. Conclusion In this review, we set up a hypothetic bridge between B19 NS1 and Notch signaling pathway or transcriptional factors GATA which are essential in hematopoiesis, to provide a new insight of the potential mechanism of B19-induced differentiational inhibition of erythroid progenitor cells.

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The small 11kDa nonstructural protein of human parvovirus B19 plays a key role in inducing apoptosis during B19 virus infection of primary erythroid progenitor cells

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2009-04-215756 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 115 (5) ◽

pp. 1070-1080 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Aaron Yun Chen ◽

Elizabeth Yan Zhang ◽

Wuxiang Guan ◽

Fang Cheng ◽

Steve Kleiboeker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Progenitor Cells ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Nonstructural Protein ◽

Parvovirus B19 ◽

Death Receptor ◽

Human Parvovirus B19 ◽

Nonstructural Proteins ◽

Erythroid Progenitors ◽

Erythroid Progenitor ◽

Erythroid Progenitor Cells

AbstractHuman parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection shows a strong erythroid tropism and drastically destroys erythroid progenitor cells, thus leading to most of the disease outcomes associated with B19V infection. In this study, we systematically examined the 3 B19V nonstructural proteins, 7.5kDa, 11kDa, and NS1, for their function in inducing apoptosis in transfection of primary ex vivo–expanded erythroid progenitor cells, in comparison with apoptosis induced during B19V infection. Our results show that 11kDa is a more significant inducer of apoptosis than NS1, whereas 7.5kDa does not induce apoptosis. Furthermore, we determined that caspase-10, an initiator caspase in death receptor signaling, is the most active caspase in apoptotic erythroid progenitors induced by 11kDa and NS1 as well as during B19V infection. More importantly, cytoplasm-localized 11kDa is expressed at least 100 times more than nucleus-localized NS1 at the protein level in primary erythroid progenitor cells infected with B19V; and inhibition of 11kDa expression using antisense oligos targeting specifically to the 11kDa-encoding mRNAs reduces apoptosis significantly during B19V infection of erythroid progenitor cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the 11kDa protein contributes to erythroid progenitor cell death during B19V infection.

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Human Parvovirus B19 Induces Cell Cycle Arrest at G2 Phase with Accumulation of Mitotic Cyclins

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.75.16.7555-7563.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 75 (16) ◽

pp. 7555-7563 ◽

Cited By ~ 84

Author(s):

Eiji Morita ◽

Kotaro Tada ◽

Hiroshi Chisaka ◽

Hironobu Asao ◽

Hiroyuki Sato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Virus Infection ◽

Progenitor Cells ◽

Parvovirus B19 ◽

Cyclin B1 ◽

Human Parvovirus B19 ◽

Erythroid Progenitor ◽

Cycle Arrest ◽

Erythroid Progenitor Cells ◽

Infected Cells

ABSTRACT Human parvovirus B19 infects specifically erythroid progenitor cells, which causes transient aplastic crises and hemolytic anemias. Here, we demonstrate that erythroblastoid UT7/Epo cells infected with B19 virus fall into growth arrest with 4N DNA, indicating G2/M arrest. These B19 virus-infected cells displayed accumulation of cyclin A, cyclin B1, and phosphorylated cdc2 and were accompanied by an up-regulation in the kinase activity of the cdc2-cyclin B1 complex, similar to that in cells treated with the mitotic inhibitor. However, degradation of nuclear lamina and phosphorylation of histone H3 and H1 were not seen in B19 virus-infected cells, indicating that the infected cells do not enter the M phase. Accumulation of cyclin B1 was persistently localized in the cytoplasm, but not in the nucleus, suggesting that B19 virus infection of erythroid cells raises suppression of nuclear import of cyclin B1, resulting in cell cycle arrest at the G2phase. The B19 virus-induced G2/M arrest may be the critical event in the damage of erythroid progenitor cells seen in patients with B19 virus infection.

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Ex Vivo-Generated CD36+ Erythroid Progenitors Are Highly Permissive to Human Parvovirus B19 Replication

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.02247-07 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 82 (5) ◽

pp. 2470-2476 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Susan Wong ◽

Ning Zhi ◽

Claudia Filippone ◽

Keyvan Keyvanfar ◽

Sachiko Kajigaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Progenitor Cells ◽

Real Time ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Parvovirus B19 ◽

Erythroid Progenitor ◽

Hematopoietic Stem ◽

Human Virus ◽

Erythroid Progenitor Cells ◽

Large Numbers

ABSTRACT The pathogenic parvovirus B19 (B19V) has an extreme tropism for human erythroid progenitor cells. In vitro, only a few erythroid leukemic cell lines (JK-1 and KU812Ep6) or megakaryoblastoid cell lines (UT7/Epo and UT7/Epo-S1) with erythroid characteristics support B19V replication, but these cells are only semipermissive. By using recent advances in generating large numbers of human erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs) ex vivo from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), we produced a pure population of CD36+ EPCs expanded and differentiated from CD34+ HSCs and assessed the CD36+ EPCs for their permissiveness to B19V infection. Over more than 3 weeks, cells grown in serum-free medium expanded more than 800,000-fold, and 87 to 96% of the CD36+ EPCs were positive for globoside, the cellular receptor for B19V. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining showed that about 77% of the CD36+ EPCs were positive for B19V infection, while about 9% of UT7/Epo-S1 cells were B19V positive. Viral DNA detected by real-time PCR increased by more than 3 logs in CD36+ EPCs; the increase was 1 log in UT7/Epo-S1 cells. Due to the extensive permissivity of CD36+ EPCs, we significantly improved the sensitivity of detection of infectious B19V by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and IF staining 100- and 1,000-fold, respectively, which is greater than the sensitivity of UT7/Epo-S1 cell-based methods. This is the first description of an ex vivo method to produce large numbers of EPCs that are highly permissive to B19V infection and replication, offering a cellular system that mimics in vivo infection with this pathogenic human virus.

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