scholarly journals Sequence Variation of Epstein-Barr Virus: Viral Types, Geography, Codon Usage, and Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Correia ◽  
Ray Bridges ◽  
Fanny Wegner ◽  
Cristina Venturini ◽  
Anne Palser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽  
Codon Usage ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Lymphoproliferative Disease ◽  
Lytic Cycle ◽  
Multiple Sequence ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr

ABSTRACTOne hundred thirty-eight new Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome sequences have been determined. One hundred twenty-five of these and 116 from previous reports were combined to produce a multiple-sequence alignment of 241 EBV genomes, which we have used to analyze variation within the viral genome. The type 1/type 2 classification of EBV remains the major form of variation and is defined mostly by EBNA2 and EBNA3, but the type 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the EBNA3 locus extend into the adjacent gp350 and gp42 genes, whose products mediate infection of B cells by EBV. A small insertion within the BART microRNA region of the genome was present in 21 EBV strains. EBV from saliva of U.S. patients with chronic active EBV infection aligned with the wild-type EBV genome with no evidence of WZhet rearrangements. The V3 polymorphism in the Zp promoter for BZLF1 was found to be frequent in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cases from both Hong Kong and Indonesia. Codon usage was found to differ between latent and lytic cycle EBV genes, and the main forms of variation of the EBNA1 protein have been identified.IMPORTANCEEpstein-Barr virus causes most cases of infectious mononucleosis and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. It contributes to several types of cancer, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and gastric carcinoma. EBV genome variation is important because some of the diseases associated with EBV have very different incidences in different populations and geographic regions, and differences in the EBV genome might contribute to these diseases. Some specific EBV genome alterations that appear to be significant in EBV-associated cancers are already known, and current efforts to make an EBV vaccine and antiviral drugs should also take account of sequence differences in the proteins used as targets.

scholarly journals Microtubule depolymerization activates the Epstein–Barr virus lytic cycle through protein kinase C pathways in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (12) ◽  
pp. 2750-2758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Ru Liu ◽  
Sheng-Yen Huang ◽  
Jen-Yang Chen ◽  
Lily Hui-Ching Wang
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Lytic Cycle ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
In Cells

Elevated levels of antibodies against Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and the presence of viral DNA in plasma are reliable biomarkers for the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in high-prevalence areas, such as South-East Asia. The presence of these viral markers in the circulation suggests that a minimal level of virus reactivation may have occurred in an infected individual, although the underlying mechanism of reactivation remains to be elucidated. Here, we showed that treatment with nocodazole, which provokes the depolymerization of microtubules, induces the expression of two EBV lytic cycle proteins, Zta and EA-D, in EBV-positive NPC cells. This effect was independent of mitotic arrest, as viral reactivation was not abolished in cells synchronized at interphase. Notably, the induction of Zta by nocodazole was mediated by transcriptional upregulation via protein kinase C (PKC). Pre-treatment with inhibitors for PKC or its downstream signalling partners p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) abolished the nocodazole-mediated induction of Zta and EA-D. Interestingly, the effect of nocodazole, as well as colchicine and vinblastine, on lytic gene expression occurred only in NPC epithelial cells but not in cells derived from lymphocytes. These results establish a novel role of microtubule integrity in controlling the EBV life cycle through PKC and its downstream pathways, which represents a tissue-specific mechanism for controlling the life-cycle switch of EBV.

scholarly journals Antibodies to gp350/220 Enhance the Ability of Epstein-Barr Virus To Infect Epithelial Cells

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (19) ◽  
pp. 9628-9633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Turk ◽  
Ru Jiang ◽  
Liudmila S. Chesnokova ◽  
Lindsey M. Hutt-Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Lytic Cycle ◽  
Virus Envelope ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Epstein Barr

ABSTRACT Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a persistent, orally transmitted herpesvirus that replicates in B cells and epithelial cells and is associated with lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. The virus binds to CD21 on B cells via glycoprotein gp350/220 and infects efficiently. Infection of cultured epithelial cells has not typically been efficient but can occur in the absence of gp350/220 and CD21 and in vivo is thought to be important to the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. We report here that antibodies to gp350/220, which inhibit EBV infection of B cells, enhance infection of epithelial cells. The effect is not mediated by Fc receptor binding but is further enhanced by antibody cross-linking, which may patch gp350/220 in the virus envelope. Saliva from EBV-seropositive individuals has similar effects that can be reversed by depletion of antibody. The results are consistent with a model in which gp350/220 interferes with the access of other important players to the epithelial cell surface. The results may have implications for the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in high-risk populations in which elevated titers of antibody to EBV lytic cycle proteins are prognostic.

scholarly journals Evolution of Two Types of Rhesus Lymphocryptovirus Similar to Type 1 and Type 2 Epstein-Barr Virus

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 9206-9212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Gyu Cho ◽  
Alexey V. Gordadze ◽  
Paul D. Ling ◽  
Fred Wang
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Regional Primate Research ◽  
Primate Research ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr

ABSTRACT Rhesus monkeys and other nonhuman Old World primates are naturally infected with lymphocryptoviruses (LCV) that are closely related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). A rhesus LCV isolate (208-95) was derived from a B-cell lymphoma in a simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaque. The EBNA-2 homologues from 208-95 and a previous rhesus LCV isolate (LCL8664) were polymorphic on immunoblotting, so the EBNA-2 genes from these two rhesus LCV were cloned, sequenced, and compared. The EBNA-2 genes have 40% nucleotide and 41% amino acid identities, and the differences are similar to those between the type 1 and type 2 EBV EBNA-2. Sequence from a portion of the LMP1 gene which is extremely divergent among different LCV was virtually identical between the 208-95 and LCL8664 strains, confirming a common rhesus LCV background. Thus, the EBNA-2 polymorphism defines the presence of two different rhesus LCV types, and both rhesus LCV types were found to be prevalent in the rhesus monkey population at the New England Regional Primate Research Center. The existence of two rhesus LCV types suggests that the selective pressure for the evolution of two LCV types is shared by human and nonhuman primate hosts.

Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle involvement in diffuse large B cell lymphoma

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melina Cohen ◽  
Aldana Georgina Vistarop ◽  
Fuad Huaman ◽  
Marina Narbaitz ◽  
Fernanda Metrebian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cell ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Lytic Cycle ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Large B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Large B Cell

Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Cycle Spreads Via Cell Fusion in a Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Hybrid Cell Line

1994 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 91???94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomokazu Yoshizaki ◽  
Toru Takimoto ◽  
Hazime Takeshita ◽  
Saichiro Tanaka ◽  
Mitsuru Furukawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Cell Fusion ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Hybrid Cell ◽  
Lytic Cycle ◽  
Hybrid Cell Line ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr

scholarly journals INFECTIONS CAUSED BY EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS

2016 ◽  
pp. 108-116
Author(s):  
L. V. Puzyreva ◽  
A. D. Safonov
Keyword(s):  
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Interstitial Pneumonitis ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Hodgkin's Lymphomas

The review is dedicated to features of clinical manifestations of infections caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in HIV-infected patients, problems of diagnostics and execution of antiviral therapy in the case of combination of these infections. Individuals at AIDS stage develop tumors, associated with EBV: non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, including Berkitt’s lymphoma, primary B-cell lymphoma ofCNS, nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Formation of lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis and leukoplakia is known to be associated with EBV. A large list of preparations that are inhibitors of EBV replication are currently known, however, there is no clear pathogenetically justified therapy scheme for patients with this infection against the background of HIV-infection.

scholarly journals Autophagy-Dependent Reactivation of Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Cycle and Combinatorial Effects of Autophagy-Dependent and Independent Lytic Inducers in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Pei Tung Yiu ◽  
Kwai Fung Hui ◽  
Christian Münz ◽  
Kwok-Wai Lo ◽  
Sai Wah Tsao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Iron Chelator ◽  
Lytic Cycle ◽  
Iron Chelators ◽  
Combination Drug ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Lytic Reactivation ◽  
Epstein Barr

Autophagy, a conserved cellular mechanism, is manipulated by a number of viruses for different purposes. We previously demonstrated that an iron-chelator-like small compound, C7, reactivates Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic cycle by activating the ERK1/2-autophagy axis in epithelial cancers. Here, we aim to identify the specific stage of autophagy required for EBV lytic reactivation, determine the autophagy dependency of EBV lytic inducers including histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) and C7/iron chelators, for EBV lytic reactivation and measure the combinatorial effects of these types of lytic inducers in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Inhibition of autophagy initiation by 3-MA and autolysosome formation by chloroquine demonstrated that only autophagy initiation is required for EBV lytic reactivation. Gene knockdown of various autophagic proteins such as beclin-1, ATG5, ATG12, ATG7, LC3B, ATG10, ATG3 and Rab9, revealed the importance of ATG5 in EBV lytic reactivation. 3-MA could only abrogate lytic cycle induction by C7/iron chelators but not by HDACi, providing evidence for autophagy-dependent and independent mechanisms in EBV lytic reactivation. Finally, the combination of C7 and SAHA at their corresponding reactivation kinetics enhanced EBV lytic reactivation. These findings render new insights in the mechanisms of EBV lytic cycle reactivation and stimulate a rational design of combination drug therapy against EBV-associated cancers.

scholarly journals Deteksi Gen Litik BRLF1 Epstein-Barr Virus pada Penderita Karsinoma Nasofaring

Biosfera ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Tri Yulia Ningsih ◽  
Daniel Joko Wahyono ◽  
Nur Signa Aini Gumilas
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Lytic Cycle ◽  
Conventional Pcr ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Epstein Barr

Rosenmuller fossa. Epithelial malignancy is often found in Chinese populations and Southeast Asia including Indonesia. Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC WHO-3) type is 100% associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Bam-HI R Leftward Reading Frame 1 (BRLF1) lytic gene has an important function as a transition mediator of latent phase to the lytic phase in EBV cycle. Detection of BRLF1 gene by PCR can be used for NPC diagnosis. The aim of this study is to identify BRLF1 lytic genes as molecular markers of Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with conventional PCR method and to determine the sensitivity of conventional PCR method to detect BRLF1 gene. The research design was cross sectional study. A total of 22 DNA samples were isolated from venous blood of NPC patients from RSUD Prof dr Margono Soekarjo, Purwokerto with informed consent. BRLF1 gene identification is done with conventional PCR technique. The results of this research showed that BRLF1 genes as molecular markers lytic cycle of Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients can be identified conventional PCR technique that will produced DNA 157 bp. BRLF1 gene was detected in 16 samples (72.73%) of 22 samples of this study.

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