Supplemental Material: The role of the westerlies and orography in Asian hydroclimate since the late Oligocene

The hydrologic cycle is a system far from thermodynamic equilibrium that is characterized by its rate of entropy production in the climatological mean steady state. Over land, the hydrologic cycle is strongly affected by the presence of terrestrial vegetation. In order to investigate the role of the biota in the hydrologic cycle, it is critical to investigate the consequences of biotic effects from this thermodynamic perspective. Here I quantify entropy production by evapotranspiration with a climate system model of intermediate complexity and estimate its sensitivity to vegetation cover. For present-day conditions, the global mean entropy production of evaporation is 8.4 mW/m2/K, which is about 1/3 of the estimated entropy production of the whole hydrologic cycle. On average, ocean surfaces generally produce more than twice as much entropy as land surfaces. On land, high rates of entropy production of up to 16 mW/m2/K are found in regions of high evapotranspiration, although relative humidity of the atmospheric boundary layer is also an important factor. With an additional model simulation of a “Desert” simulation, where the effects of vegetation on land surface functioning is removed, I estimate the sensitivity of these entropy production rates to the presence of vegetation. Land averaged evapotranspiration decreases from 2.4 to 1.4 mm/d, while entropy production is reduced comparatively less from 4.2 to 3.1 mW/m2/K. This is related to the reduction in relative humidity of the atmospheric boundary layer as a compensatory effect, and points out the importance of a more complete treatment of entropy production calculations to investigate the role of biotic effects on Earth system functioning.

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Mechanism of Phase Inversion in Arctic Stratiform Clouds

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-4541 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Pei-Hsin Liu ◽

Jen-Ping Chen ◽

Xiquan Dong ◽

Yi-Chiu Lin

Keyword(s):

Phase Inversion ◽

Model Simulation ◽

Wrf Model ◽

Vertical Gradient ◽

Temperature Inversion ◽

Ice Nucleation ◽

Number Concentration ◽

Strong Inversion ◽

Stratiform Clouds

Arctic stratiform clouds (ASC) often exhibit phase inversion structure (i.e., liquid top and mixed- or ice-phase below) and can persist for a very long time. According to past studies, the phase inversion structure is the result of persistent liquid cloud generation aloft and gravitational ice precipitation; however, observation reveals that the largest cloud reflectivity appears in the middle of the cloud, implying that the gravitational ice precipitation cannot fully explain the mechanism of phase inversion structure. Also, the role of ice nucleation in ASC is not fully addressed before. Ice nucleation processes are affected by temperature, ice nuclei (IN) species and number concentration. As the result, strong inversion or strong vertical gradient of IN number concentration may favor ice nucleation to occur in the lower levels and result in phase inversion.This study aims to find out the mechanism of phase inversion and the dominant ice nucleation processes in ASC. Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with detailed ice nucleation mechanisms is applied. The ice nucleation scheme used in the model takes different ice nucleation processes and IN species into account. Dust and soot, taken from MERRA-2, are the two main IN considered in this study and are fitted into lognormal distributions for providing the initial and boundary conditions. The 2008 Mar 04-05 case, chosen from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program, is simulated. From observation, ASC and the phase inversion structure persisted for half a day. Temperature decreases with height in cloud, indicating that temperature inversion is not the mechanism of phase inversion in this case. More dust in the lower levels is seen from the model simulation results. In this case, strong vertical gradient of IN number concentration serves as the main mechanism of phase inversion, suggesting that ice nucleation process plays an important role in ASC. The role of soot particles will also be addressed.

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Phosphorylation of RyR2 and shortening of RyR2 cluster spacing in spontaneously hypertensive rat with heart failure

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.00562.2007 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 293 (4) ◽

pp. H2409-H2417 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Ye Chen-Izu ◽

Christopher W. Ward ◽

Wayne Stark ◽

Tamas Banyasz ◽

Marius P. Sumandea ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat ◽

Model Simulation ◽

Quantitative Model ◽

Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽

Hypertensive Rat ◽

Distinct Disease ◽

Intracellular Ca ◽

Disease Stages

As a critical step toward understanding the role of abnormal intracellular Ca2+ release via the ryanodine receptor (RyR2) during the development of hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, this study examines two questions: 1) At what stage, if ever, in the development of hypertrophy and heart failure is RyR2 hyperphosphorylated at Ser2808? 2) Does the spatial distribution of RyR2 clusters change in failing hearts? Using a newly developed semiquantitative immunohistochemistry method and Western blotting, we measured phosphorylation of RyR2 at Ser2808 in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) at four distinct disease stages. A major finding is that hyperphosphorylation of RyR2 at Ser2808 occurred only at late-stage heart failure in SHR, but not in age-matched controls. Furthermore, the spacing between RyR2 clusters was shortened in failing hearts, as predicted by quantitative model simulation to increase spontaneous Ca2+ wave generation and arrhythmias.

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Kinetic Analysis of Sulfation of Fe-Ca Based Sorbent for FGD

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.512-515.1093 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 512-515 ◽

pp. 1093-1097

Author(s):

Rong Fang Zhao ◽

You Liang Shen ◽

Cheng Xiang Ruan ◽

Wei Min Gao

Keyword(s):

Model Comparison ◽

Model Simulation ◽

Frequency Factor ◽

Diffusion Activation Energy ◽

Satisfactory Description ◽

Low Degree ◽

Metallurgical Dust ◽

Grain Model ◽

Kinetics Of

Sulfation performance of a Fe-Ca based sorbent prepared from iron oxide-rich metallurgical dust and lime is investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in the temperature range of 300-550°C, and the kinetics of the sulfation reaction is analyzed using the grain model. Comparison between the model simulation results and experimental data demonstrates that the grain model can give a relatively satisfactory description of the experimental results. In detail, the overall rate of the sulfation reaction is mainly controlled by diffusion, despite by chemical kinetics at a very low degree of conversion (lower than 0.056), and that the higher diffusion activation energy (E D, 25460J/mol) and smaller diffusion frequency factor (D e0,4.42×10–2 cm2/min), in relative to those of the sulfation reaction (13008J/mol for E a and 1.65 cm/min for k s0), may account for the shift in control mechanism, the role of diffusion in the sorbent conversion, and consequently the flat-convex conversion vs. time curves obtained by TGA.

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Study on Digital Modeling of the Virtual Near-Earth Space for Astronaut Training

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.998-999.659 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 998-999 ◽

pp. 659-663

Author(s):

Zai Qian Zhao ◽

Jian Gang Chao ◽

Hong Hu

Keyword(s):

Model Simulation ◽

High Fidelity ◽

Scene Simulation ◽

Earth Space ◽

Near Earth Space ◽

Digital Modeling ◽

Astronaut Training ◽

Simplified Modeling ◽

Graphics Processing

A near-Earth space scene digital modeling was studied for the model simulation, which could be used to show the virtual near-Earth space scene with a high fidelity. Based on the technology of computer graphics processing, detailed analysis was proposed to study the effects of the rendering of geometry models to processing in real-time, the method of spatial movements to objects motion, and the role of spatial illumination to objects brightness, furthermore the simplified, modeling and adjustment methods of each model were demonstrated. The digital model of the HDR near-Earth space scene was established, which laid the theoretical and engineering foundation for the virtual scene simulation.

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New genus of the tribe Ceutorhynchini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from the late Oligocene of Enspel, southwestern Germany, with a remark on the role of weevils in the ancient food web

Fossil Record ◽

10.5194/fr-23-197-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 197-204

Author(s):

Andrei A. Legalov ◽

Markus J. Poschmann

Keyword(s):

Food Web ◽

Type Species ◽

Anterior Margin ◽

New Genus ◽

Food Resource ◽

Cyprinid Fish ◽

Late Oligocene ◽

Important Food ◽

Ancient Food

Abstract. The new weevil genus Igneonasus gen. nov. (type species: I. rudolphi sp. nov.) of the tribe Ceutorhynchini (Curculionidae: Conoderinae: Ceutorhynchitae) is described from the late Oligocene of Fossillagerstätte Enspel, Germany. The new genus differs from the similar genus Stenocarus Thomson, 1859 in the anterior margin of the pronotum, which is not raised, a pronotum without tubercles on the sides, and a femur without teeth. This weevil is the largest representative of this supertribe and the first fossil Curculionidae species described from the paleolake Enspel. In this ancient ecosystem, weevils were at least sometimes an important food resource for the cyprinid fish Palaeorutilus enspelensis.

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