Scleractinian Corals of the Arctic and High Latitudes of the North Atlantic Ocean

<p><span>Over the 6 years of the Transatlantic Ocean System Science and Technology program (TOSST - 2014 &#8211; 2019), graduate students participated in a variety of first class research expeditions in the North Atlantic Ocean, contributing to high quality datasets for this region and reaching a total of 380 days at-sea. These research cruises expanded from the Arctic Ocean, Labrador Sea and sub-Polar North Atlantic to the Equatorial North Atlantic, and along the African and Cabo Verdean coasts. A total of 12 long term cruises with collaboration between 18 research institutes, were conducted on board of 10 research vessels of various nationalities (Canada, Germany, Bermuda, Sweden, Ireland and USA). The range of measurements performed during these cruises, which highlights the interdisciplinary nature of the TOSST program, includes: chemical oceanography; biological oceanography; physical oceanography; marine biogeochemistry; microbiology; paleoceanography; geology; marine geophysics; and atmospheric chemistry. In this work, we will showcase the breath of research covered by TOSST graduates in the North Atlantic Ocean and provide details on the overall goals/objectives of each cruise, the teams and research vessels involved, the diverse scientific instrumentation deployed and sampling schemes. We highlight the importance of multi-disciplinary expeditions and at-sea experiences for professional as well as for personal development of early career scientists. Logistic and economic efforts are required to collect samples and to deploy instruments, therefore collaboration between disciplines, research institutes and countries (of which TOSST graduates&#8217; research is an example) are fundamental in order to increase the quality, quantity and variety of observations in the North Atlantic Ocean. </span></p>

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TECTONIC RESPONSE OF THE ARCTIC REALM TO THE OPENING OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN

10.1130/abs/2020am-359847 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Cornelia Spiegel ◽

◽

Agni Vamvaka ◽

Katrin Meier ◽

Paul O'Sullivan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Ocean ◽

North Atlantic ◽

North Atlantic Ocean ◽

The Arctic ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic

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Multidecadal Variability of North Atlantic Temperature and Salinity during the Twentieth Century

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli3548.1 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 18 (21) ◽

pp. 4562-4581 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

I. V. Polyakov ◽

U. S. Bhatt ◽

H. L. Simmons ◽

D. Walsh ◽

J. E. Walsh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Atlantic Ocean ◽

North Atlantic ◽

North Atlantic Ocean ◽

The Arctic ◽

Multidecadal Variability ◽

The North ◽

Basin Scale ◽

Dominant Feature ◽

The North Atlantic

Abstract Substantial changes occurred in the North Atlantic during the twentieth century. Here the authors demonstrate, through the analysis of a vast collection of observational data, that multidecadal fluctuations on time scales of 50–80 yr are prevalent in the upper 3000 m of the North Atlantic Ocean. Spatially averaged temperature and salinity from the 0–300- and 1000–3000-m layers vary in opposition: prolonged periods of cooling and freshening (warming and salinification) in one layer are generally associated with opposite tendencies in the other layer, consistent with the notion of thermohaline overturning circulation. In the 1990s, widespread cooling and freshening was a dominant feature in the 1000–3000-m layer, whereas warming and salinification generally dominated in the upper 300 m, except for the subpolar North Atlantic where complex exchanges with the Arctic Ocean occur. The single-signed basin-scale pattern of multidecadal variability is evident from decadal 1000–3000-m temperature and salinity fields, whereas upper-ocean temperature and salinity distributions have a more complicated spatial pattern. Results suggest a general warming trend of 0.012° ± 0.009°C decade−1 in the upper-3000-m North Atlantic over the last 55 yr of the twentieth century, although during this time there are periods in which short-term trends are strongly amplified by multidecadal variability. Since warming (cooling) is generally associated with salinification (freshening) for these large-scale fluctuations, qualitatively tracking the mean temperature–salinity relationship, vertical displacement of isotherms appears to play an important role in this warming and in other observed fluctuations. Finally, since the North Atlantic Ocean plays a crucial role in establishing and regulating global thermohaline circulation, the multidecadal fluctuations of the heat and freshwater balance discussed here should be considered when assessing long-term climate change and variability, both in the North Atlantic and at global scales.

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Dominant Modes of Interannual Variability in Eurasian Surface Air Temperature during Boreal Spring

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-15-0524.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 1109-1125 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Shangfeng Chen ◽

Renguang Wu ◽

Yong Liu

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Ocean ◽

Atmospheric Circulation ◽

North Atlantic ◽

North Atlantic Ocean ◽

High Latitudes ◽

The North ◽

Anomaly Pattern ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

Circulation Anomalies ◽

Atmospheric Circulation Anomalies

Abstract This study investigates interannual variations of surface air temperature (SAT) over mid- and high latitudes of Eurasia during boreal spring and their association with snow, atmospheric circulation, and sea surface temperature (SST) changes. The leading mode of spring SAT variations is featured by same-sign anomalies over most regions. The second mode features a tripole anomaly pattern with anomalies over the central part opposite to those over the eastern and western parts of Eurasia. A diagnosis of surface heat flux anomalies suggests that snow change contributes partly to SAT anomalies in several regions mainly by modulating surface shortwave radiation but cannot explain SAT changes in other regions. Atmospheric circulation anomalies play an important role in spring SAT variability via wind-induced heat advection and cloud-induced surface radiation changes. Positive SAT anomalies are associated with anomalous westerly winds from the North Atlantic Ocean or with anomalous anticyclone and southerly winds. Negative SAT anomalies occur in regions of anomalous cyclone and northerly winds. Atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with the first mode have a close relationship to spring Arctic Oscillation (AO), indicating the impact of the AO on continental-scale spring SAT variations over the mid- and high latitudes of Eurasia. The atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with the second mode feature a wave pattern over the North Atlantic and Eurasia. Such a wave pattern is related to a tripole SST anomaly pattern in the North Atlantic Ocean, signifying the contribution of the North Atlantic Ocean state to the formation of a tripole SAT anomaly pattern over the mid- and high latitudes of Eurasia.

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