Energy spectrum of X-ray flares associated with sunspot groups of different classes in three solar cycles

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 905-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Sotnikova
1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
E. Hildner

AbstractOver the last twenty years, orbiting coronagraphs have vastly increased the amount of observational material for the whitelight corona. Spanning almost two solar cycles, and augmented by ground-based K-coronameter, emission-line, and eclipse observations, these data allow us to assess,inter alia: the typical and atypical behavior of the corona; how the corona evolves on time scales from minutes to a decade; and (in some respects) the relation between photospheric, coronal, and interplanetary features. This talk will review recent results on these three topics. A remark or two will attempt to relate the whitelight corona between 1.5 and 6 R⊙to the corona seen at lower altitudes in soft X-rays (e.g., with Yohkoh). The whitelight emission depends only on integrated electron density independent of temperature, whereas the soft X-ray emission depends upon the integral of electron density squared times a temperature function. The properties of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) will be reviewed briefly and their relationships to other solar and interplanetary phenomena will be noted.


2021 ◽  
Vol 366 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Xiong ◽  
Ting Wang ◽  
Xiaolin Li ◽  
Yunxing Yin

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 598
Author(s):  
Jose R. A. Godinho ◽  
Gabriel Westaway-Heaven ◽  
Marijn A. Boone ◽  
Axel D. Renno

This paper demonstrates the potential of a new 3D imaging technique, Spectral Computed Tomography (sp-CT), to identify heavy elements inside materials, which can be used to classify mineral phases. The method combines the total X-ray transmission measured by a normal polychromatic X-ray detector, and the transmitted X-ray energy spectrum measured by a detector that discriminates between X-rays with energies of about 1.1 keV resolution. An analysis of the energy spectrum allows to identify sudden changes of transmission at K-edge energies that are specific of each element. The additional information about the elements in a phase improves the classification of mineral phases from grey-scale 3D images that would be otherwise difficult due to artefacts or the lack of contrast between phases. The ability to identify the elements inside the minerals that compose ore particles and rocks is crucial to broaden the application of 3D imaging in Earth sciences research and mineral process engineering, which will represent an important complement to traditional 2D imaging mineral characterization methods. In this paper, the first applications of sp-CT to classify mineral phases are showcased and the limitations and further developments are discussed.


2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1026-1030
Author(s):  
Mark G. Benz ◽  
Matthew W. Benz ◽  
Steven B. Birnbaum ◽  
Eric Chason ◽  
Brian W. Sheldon ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-182
Author(s):  
Amrita Prasad ◽  
Soumya Roy ◽  
Koushik Ghosh ◽  
Subhash Chandra Panja ◽  
Sankar Narayan Patra
Keyword(s):  

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 050-050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruhiko SAITOH ◽  
Yoshihisa YANO ◽  
Tatsunori MIZUSHIMA ◽  
Junji MORIKAWA ◽  
Zensho YOSHIDA

Author(s):  
Н.С. Гинзбург ◽  
Е.Р. Кочаровская ◽  
М.Н. Вилков ◽  
А.С. Сергеев

AbstractIt is used that there is great potential in the use of multichannel laser complexes for incoherent pumping of X-ray Compton free-electron lasers based on stimulated wave backscattering on high-current moderately relativistic electron beam. The relative width of the pump spectrum must be comparable with that of the energy spectrum of the electron beam, which ensures involvement of a significant fraction of particles into the scattering process and, hence, high efficiency of their kinetic energy conversion into X-ray radiation.


1958 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 261-274
Author(s):  
W. V. Cummings ◽  
W. J. Gruber

AbstractMany materials, both fissionable and non-fissionable, become very radioactive when subjected to nuclear radiations. This radioactivity results in a high background level in X-ray diffraction studies and becomes a limiting factor in an analysis of radiation damage. A description is given of special techniques that are used to minimize this background and produce optimum diffraction conditions. The radioactive intensity of irradiated X-ray specimens varies from levels that are only mildly troublesome to levels that are extremely hazardous to personnel. The diffraction methods employed at the various levels are explained. An example of the radioactive energy spectrum of a specimen is given to show the method of selecting the best operating conditions and techniques.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengzhou Li ◽  
Feng-Lei Fan ◽  
Wenxiang Cong ◽  
Ge Wang

The energy spectrum of an X-ray tube plays an important role in computed tomography (CT), and is often estimated from physical measurement of dedicated phantoms. Usually, this estimation problem is reduced to solving a system of linear equations, which is generally ill-conditioned. In this paper, we optimize a phantom design to find the most effective combinations of thicknesses for different materials. First, we analyze the ill-posedness of the energy spectrum inversion when the number of unknown variables (N) and measurements (M) are equal, and show the condition number of the system matrix increases exponentially with N if the transmission thicknesses are linearly changed. Then, we present a genetic optimization algorithm to minimize the condition number of the system matrix in a general case (M < N) with respect to the selection of thicknesses and types of phantom materials. Finally, in the simulation with Poisson noise we study the accuracy of the spectrum estimation using the expectation-maximum algorithm. Our results indicate that the proposed method allows high-quality spectrum estimation, and the number of measurements is reduced over two thirds of that required by the widely-used method using a phantom with linearly-changed thicknesses.


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