INVESTIGATION OF BURST FAILURE OF A THICK-WALLED SPHERICAL VESSEL WITH PLASTIC ORTHOTROPY UNDER INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PRESSURES

In the conclusion, the intrinsic deconstructive power of philology is contrasted with external pressures moving philology in different political and religious directions. The positions of the main protagonists differed widely, but they show that the less they were institutionalized, the more freedom they had to present unorthodox theories. As in the case of natural science, biblical philology was a handmaiden of theology, but it could also be used against certain theologies. In the end, the accumulation of evidence regarding the history of the Bible and the transmission of its texts, could not fail to impinge on the authority of Scripture. The problems in the transmission of the biblical text were widely discussed in the decade leading up to the publication of the Theological-political Treatise. Readers of Spinoza were already familiar with the type of reasoning which Spinoza employed in the central chapters of his notorious work.

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Why do informal markets remain informal: the role of tacit knowledge in an Indian footwear cluster

Journal of Evolutionary Economics ◽

10.1007/s00191-021-00726-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yugank Goyal ◽

Klaus Heine

Keyword(s):

Tacit Knowledge ◽

Informal Markets ◽

Market Institutions ◽

Market Structures ◽

Long Run ◽

External Pressures ◽

Propositional Form ◽

The City

AbstractWhy do informal markets resist formalizing, even when the gains of doing so outweigh its costs in the long run? While a number of responses to this question have been advanced, we discover that part of the reason could be located in the tacit knowledge (attributed to Polanyi, Hayek) embedded in the marketplace, on which market institutions run. This factor is not fully explored yet. Tacit (idiosyncratic, inarticulate, nonconscious) knowledge is acquired personally through experience and cannot be transferred or conveyed to anyone. This is the knowledge we use to act without knowing it in a propositional form. We present the case of one of India’s largest informal footwear cluster, located in the city of Agra. We show that informal markets, hinged on tacit knowledge, cannot evolve easily and therefore may remain locked-in, despite external pressures or incentives to formalize. The study shows that efforts to overcome informality and reaping the benefits of formalized market structures cannot be done without taking cognizance of the sticky intangible knowledge on which these markets rest.

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Trade-Control Compliance in SMEs: Do Decision-Makers and Supply Chain Position Make a Difference?

Journal of Business Ethics ◽

10.1007/s10551-021-04825-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Christian Hauser

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Behavioral Ethics ◽

Managerial Decision ◽

Organizational Responses ◽

Control Laws ◽

Compliance Programs ◽

External Pressures ◽

Compliance Program ◽

Trade Control

AbstractIn recent years, trade-control laws and regulations such as embargoes and sanctions have gained importance. However, there is limited empirical research on the ways in which small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) respond to such coercive economic measures. Building on the literature on organizational responses to external demands and behavioral ethics, this study addresses this issue to better understand how external pressures and managerial decision-making are associated with the scope of trade-control compliance programs. Based on a sample of 289 SMEs, the findings show that the organizational responses of SMEs reflect proportionate adjustments to regulatory pressures but only if decision-makers are well informed and aware of the prevailing rules and regulations. Conversely, uninformed decision-making leads to a disproportionate response resulting in an inadequately reduced scope of the compliance program. In addition, the results indicate that SMEs that are highly integrated into supply chains are susceptible to passing-the-buck behavior.

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Cultural Influences on the Regulation of Energy Intake and Obesity: A Qualitative Study Comparing Food Customs and Attitudes to Eating in Adults from France and the United States

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13010063 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 63

Author(s):

Maria Carlota Dao ◽

Sophie Thiron ◽

Ellen Messer ◽

Camille Sergeant ◽

Anne Sévigné ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Qualitative Study ◽

Social Interactions ◽

Weight Management ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Eating Behavior ◽

The United States ◽

Food Culture ◽

External Pressures ◽

The U.S

(1) Background: The influence of food culture on eating behavior and obesity risk is poorly understood. (2) Methods: In this qualitative study, 25 adults in France with or without overweight/obesity participated in semi-structured interviews (n = 10) or focus groups (n = 15) to examine attitudes to food consumption and external pressures that influence eating behavior and weight management. Results were compared to an equivalent study conducted in the United States, thereby contrasting two countries with markedly different rates of obesity. Emerging key themes in the French data were identified through coding using a reflexive approach. (3) Results: The main themes identified were: (1) influence of commensality, social interactions, and pleasure from eating on eating behavior, (2) having a balanced and holistic approach to nutrition, (3) the role of environmental concerns in food consumption, (4) relationship with “natural” products (idealized) and food processing (demonized), (5) perceptions of weight status and management. Stress and difficulties in hunger cue discernment were viewed as important obstacles to weight management in both countries. External pressures were described as a major factor that explicitly influences food consumption in the U.S., while there was an implicit influence of external pressures through eating-related social interactions in France. In France, products considered “natural” where idealized and juxtaposed against processed and “industrial” products, whereas this was not a salient aspect in the U.S. (4) Conclusions: This first comparative qualitative study assessing aspects of food culture and eating behaviors across countries identifies both common and divergent attitudes to food and eating behavior. Further studies are needed to inform the development of effective behavioral interventions to address obesity in different populations.

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Depressurization-Induced Nucleation in the “Polylactide-Carbon Dioxide” System: Self-Similarity of the Bubble Embryos Expansion

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13071115 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1115

Author(s):

Dmitry Zimnyakov ◽

Marina Alonova ◽

Ekaterina Ushakova

Keyword(s):

Initial Rate ◽

Initial Pressure ◽

External Pressure ◽

Self Similarity ◽

Embryo Formation ◽

Linear Behavior ◽

Joint Influence ◽

External Pressures ◽

Adiabatic Cooling ◽

Self Similar

Self-similar expansion of bubble embryos in a plasticized polymer under quasi-isothermal depressurization is examined using the experimental data on expansion rates of embryos in the CO2-plasticized d,l-polylactide and modeling the results. The CO2 initial pressure varied from 5 to 14 MPa, and the depressurization rate was 5 × 10−3 MPa/s. The constant temperature in experiments was in a range from 310 to 338 K. The initial rate of embryos expansion varied from ≈0.1 to ≈10 µm/s, with a decrease in the current external pressure. While modeling, a non-linear behavior of CO2 isotherms near the critical point was taken into account. The modeled data agree satisfactorily with the experimental results. The effect of a remarkable increase in the expansion rate at a decreasing external pressure is interpreted in terms of competing effects, including a decrease in the internal pressure, an increase in the polymer viscosity, and an increase in the embryo radius at the time of embryo formation. The vanishing probability of finding the steadily expanding embryos for external pressures around the CO2 critical pressure is interpreted in terms of a joint influence of the quasi-adiabatic cooling and high compressibility of CO2 in the embryos.

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