Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) and China's Export Fluctuation in the Post-pandemic Era: An Empirical Analysis based on the TVP-SV-VAR Model

In the COVID-19 pandemic, the bidirectional policy adopted by the governments to stimulate domestic economy and reinforce foreign trade control is making the trade environment abnormally complex. China is facing a new challenge in export trade growth. Based on the continuous monthly data from January 2002 to April 2021, this paper uses the time-varying TVP-SV-VAR model to study the impulse response of China's export trade to economic policy uncertainty (EPU). It is found that (1) on the whole, the shock of global EPU and China's EPU on China's export to the OBOR/RCEP member countries is time-varying, different, and structurally significant; (2) during the pandemic, EPU has a significant short-term negative shock on China's gross exports and export to OBOR/RCEP members, and this shock is especially big in the case of global EPU. In the post-pandemic era, China should strengthen pandemic control and economic risk monitoring, continue with execution of multilateral FTAs and create a sustainably stable export trade environment.

The European Union Is Still Unable to Find Nemo and Dory-Time for a Reliable Traceability System for the Marine Aquarium Trade

The EU is one of the main importers of marine ornamental species sourced from tropical coral reefs around the world. While the entrance of live organisms into the EU, along with their intra-EU circulation, is framed within stringent control mechanisms, to date, no reliable figures exist concerning which marine ornamental species are imported, in what numbers, and where they are sourced from. This lack of reliable data in the EU on the trade of marine ornamental species is puzzling if one considers that all these imported specimens must be controlled at customs offices located in international airports. Such data deficiency favors the prevalence of blurry supply chains and a “business as usual” mindset that hampers any serious effort to promote sustainability in the marine aquarium industry. To safeguard the collection of findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) data, we suggest that the EU platform Trade Control and Expert System (TRACES) refines its surveillance on the trade of marine ornamental species. The detailed survey of marine ornamental fishes alone can be used as a proof of concept to validate the use of TRACES for this purpose and, if successful, it can later be expanded to all other taxonomic groups of marine ornamental species.

Trade-Control Compliance in SMEs: Do Decision-Makers and Supply Chain Position Make a Difference?

In recent years, trade-control laws and regulations such as embargoes and sanctions have gained importance. However, there is limited empirical research on the ways in which small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) respond to such coercive economic measures. Building on the literature on organizational responses to external demands and behavioral ethics, this study addresses this issue to better understand how external pressures and managerial decision-making are associated with the scope of trade-control compliance programs. Based on a sample of 289 SMEs, the findings show that the organizational responses of SMEs reflect proportionate adjustments to regulatory pressures but only if decision-makers are well informed and aware of the prevailing rules and regulations. Conversely, uninformed decision-making leads to a disproportionate response resulting in an inadequately reduced scope of the compliance program. In addition, the results indicate that SMEs that are highly integrated into supply chains are susceptible to passing-the-buck behavior.

Capripoxvirus Infections in Ruminants: A Review

Lumpy skin disease, sheeppox, and goatpox are notifiable diseases of cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively, caused by viruses of the Capripoxvirus genus. They are responsible for both direct and indirect financial losses. These losses arise through animal mortality, morbidity cost of vaccinations, and constraints to animals and animal products’ trade. Control and eradication of capripoxviruses depend on early detection of outbreaks, vector control, strict animal movement, and vaccination which remains the most effective means of control. To date, live attenuated vaccines are widely used; however, conferred protection remains controversial. Many vaccines have been associated with adverse reactions and incomplete protection in sheep, goats, and cattle. Many combination- and recombinant-based vaccines have also been developed. Here, we review capripoxvirus infections and the immunity conferred against capripoxviruses by their respective vaccines for each ruminant species. We also review their related cross protection to heterologous infections.

IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PENERTIBAN PASAR BARABAI DI KABUPATEN HULU SUNGAI TENGAH PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN

Trade is an activity with the hope of being able to trigger the movement of the community's economy and have an impact on people's welfare. But the Barabai Modern Traditional Market has not been able to provide convenience for buyers to transact and the arrangement of traders is still chaotic because there is no orderly place to trade. Control of Barabai Modern Traditional Market aims to provide convenience in buying and selling transactions at Barabai Modern Traditional Market. The factors causing this disorder are 1) lack of public awareness 2) unclear arrangements and 3) inadequate facilities. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with an inductive approach, for data collection methods in the form of observation, interviews and documentation. Furthermore, this study uses implementation theory from Merilee S. Grindle. The results of this study indicate that the enforcement of Barabai Modern Traditional Market has not been good with the inhibiting factor is the lack of public awareness to maintain order, the absence of decisive action and the facilities of the Barabai Modern Traditional Market. As for the socialization efforts and appeals to the community. Suggestions for the implementation of modern barabai traditional market control are in the form of making SOPs for controlling the modern barabai traditional market.

Wood anatomy of endangered Brazilian tree species

Endangered Brazilian tree species are traded on national and international scales. Efficient control of wood supply chains is fundamental to both species and environmental conservation. Wood anatomy offers an effective method for timber screening and diagnosis, although diagnostic tools and reliable reference materials are required to verify the precise timber species commercialized. We present here anatomical information that can be used for the identification of the wood of endangered Brazilian tree species, including coded wood anatomy descriptions following standardized lists of macroscopic and microscopic features, stereomicroscope and bright field microscope micrographs, and reference data (wood collections with reference samples and anatomical descriptions). Description datasets and interactive identification keys (macroscopic and microscopic) were made available on the Xper3 web platform (http://gbg.sites.uff.br/lamad/) and can aid trained front-line staff or professional wood anatomists in trade control and forensic timber identifications of endangered Brazilian species.