scholarly journals POS0727 INSULIN RESISTANCE AND LEPTIN LEVELS IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS PATIENTS WITHOUT DIABETES MELLITUS OR FASTING HYPERGLYCEMIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 613.2-614
Author(s):  
L. Kondrateva ◽  
T. Panafidina ◽  
T. Popkova ◽  
M. Cherkasova ◽  
A. Lila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Categories ◽  
Group 1

Background:Insulin resistance (IR) is considered as initial stage of diseases continuum from development of prediabetes to eventual progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Individuals with prediabetes have also elevated leptin levels, so this adipocytokine along with IR can be considered as predictive laboratory markers of higher risk of T2DM. It is not yet clear whether presence of individual or multiple SLE-related and/or known traditional risk factors of T2DM (such as unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, family history of diabetes, or being overweight) can precipitate the development of IR.Objectives:To analyze the relationship between IR and increasing leptin levels rates. To identify the presence and evaluate the potential role of traditional and disease-related risk factors for IR in SLE patients without T2DM or hyperglycemia.Methods:A total of 49 SLE pts (46 women, 3 men, 40 [33;48] years old) without established DM and with normal fasting glucose levels (<6,1 mmol/l) were enrolled in the study. Median disease duration was 3,0[0,7;8,0] years, SLEDAI-2K was 5[2;8]. SLE pts were treated with glucocorticoids (GC) (84%), hydroxychloroquine (78%), immunosuppressive drugs (20%) and biological agents (10%). Insulin levels were measured using electrochemiluminescence assay Elecsys (Roche Diagnostics), serum leptin concentrations were estimated using ELISA (DBS-Diagnostics Biochem Canada Inc.). IR was defined as Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance index (HOMA-IR) ≥2,77. Leptin levels were considered elevated at values ≥11,1 ng/ml for women, ≥5.6 ng/ml for men. Eight traditional T2DM risk factors from the FINDRISK (Finnish Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment Form) questionnaire (older age, being overweight, abdominal obesity, family history of diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, lack of regular dietary fiber intake, taking antihypertensive medications as a surrogate marker of high blood pressure, documented episodes of hyperglycemia) were evaluated. This study used 5 risk categories for developing T2DM proposed by FINDRISK questionnaire: low, slightly elevated, moderate, high or very high.Results:Median HOMA-IR levels were 1,7 [1,2;2,5]. HOMA-IR correlated with leptin levels (r=0,7, p<0,001), body mass index (BMI) (r=0,6, p<0,001), waist circumference (WC) (r=0,5, p<0,001), T2DM risk categories by FINDRISK (r=0,3, p=0,03), SLEDAI-2K (r= -0,4, p<0,01), and duration of GCs therapy (r=0,3, p=0,03). Current GC use had no influence on HOMA-IR in SLE. IR was detected in 10 (20%) SLE pts. The traditional T2DM risk factors profiles were similar in pts with (Group 1) or without IR (Group 2) except for higher anthropometric parameters in group 1 (for BMI 27,2[24,8;32,2]kg/m2 vs 23,7[20,6;26,7]kg/m2, p<0,01; for WC: 93[86;102]cm vs 83[76;93]cm, p=0,02). Leptin levels were also higher in SLE pts with IR compared to pts without IR (74,2[30,4;112,7]ng/ml vs 25,0[6,7;42,4]ng/ml, p<0,01). Increased leptin levels were found in 35 (71%) pts, more often in pts with IR (100 vs 64%, p=0,04).Conclusion:IR was found in 20% of SLE pts without T2DM having normal serum fasting glucose concentration. Emergence of IR was commonly preceded by increased leptin levels. IR values were closely associated with accumulation of adipose tissue facilitated by long-term GCs use and disease activity decrease. Contribution of other traditional risk factors of T2DM seemed insignificant.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

scholarly journals Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adolescents secondary school students in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
T Jaja ◽  
IE Yarhere
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Family History ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
History Of

Background: The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM) in children and adolescents is on the increase, therefore, prevention and early detection are important.Objective: To assess for easily identifiable risk factors (overweight/obesity, hypertension, Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) and family history of diabetes) for T2DM in adolescents in public secondary schoolsResult: Eight hundred and eighty adolescents aged 10 to 19 years were screened and 124(14.1%) were overweight/obese. 457 (51.9%) of students had none of the risk factors while 272(30.9%) had at least one risk factor. Using the American Diabetes Association criteria for identification of those at risk for T2DM, 21(2.4%) were identified. The frequency of presence of risk factors was more in females (3.3%), mid adolescent age group (3.1%) and those with positive family history of diabetes. These findings were however not statistically significant. There was a statistically significant association between presence of hypertension and impaired fasting glucose and risk factor for type 2 DM.Conclusion: The significant risk factors identified in this study were prehypertension/hypertension and impaired fasting blood glucose.Key words: Adolescence, Risk factors, Type 2 diabetes mellitus

scholarly journals The related risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in elderly patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cohort study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Chu Chiu ◽  
Tien-Lung Tsai ◽  
Meiyin Su ◽  
Tsan Yang ◽  
Peng-Lin Tseng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Betel Nut ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) caused by small vessel disease was the main cause of blindness in person with diabetes, and it mainly occurred in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Taiwan was one of the Asian countries with the highest prevalence rate of DR, there were only few studies for the risk of DR in patients with T2DM in Taiwan. According to some studies have shown DR was a major cause of blindness on elderly both in developed and other developing countries. The purpose was to investigate the related risk factors of DR in elderly patients with T2DM. Methods: During July 2010 to December 2017, 4010 T2DM patients without DR were preselected for this study, but 792 patients completed the continuously follow-up evaluation. Patients were invited to have an outpatient visit at least every three months, and they were asked to fill out a brief questionnaire and collect their blood samples. Additionally, statistical methods used independent sample T-test, Chi-square tests and logistic regression in univariate analysis to analyze the relationships between onset DR and each related factor; and finally the optimal multivariate logistic regression model would be determined by stepwise model selection. Results: Of the 792 effective samples, 611 patients (77.1%) progressed to DR and 181 patients (22.9%) did not get DR during the follow-up period. According to the results, the significant factors were women (OR, 2.20; 95%CI, 1.52-3.17), longer diabetic duration (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.03-1.08), family history of diabetes (OR, 1.55; 95% CI: 1.09-2.21), higher concentration glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (OR, 1.27; 95% CI: 1.12-1.44), higher mean low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (OR, 1.01; 95% CI: 1.00-1.01), and chewing betel nut (OR, 2.85; 95% CI: 1.41-5.77). Conclusions: This prospective cohort study showed that gender, behavior of chewing betel nut, diabetic duration, family history of diabetes, HbA1c, and LDL-c, were important factors for the development of DR in elderly patients with T2DM. It suggested that those patients should well control their HbA1c and LDL-c and quit chewing betel nut to prevent from DR, especially for female patients with family history of diabetes and longer duration of diabetes.

scholarly journals A Possible Early Alteration of Autonomic Activity Assessed by Heart Rate Variability in Saudi Offspring of Type 2 Diabetic Patients

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Daad H. Akbar ◽  
Maha A. Hegazi ◽  
Hanan A. Al Kadi ◽  
Maimona M. Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Family History ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
History Of

Background and Objectives: To evaluate cardiac autonomic function in non-diabetic offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients through assessment of heart rate variability. Autonomic dysfunction was reported in glucose tolerant on insulin-resistant offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. No data is available on cardiac autonomic dysfunction in Saudi offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Subject and Methods: Ninety-seven subjects with family history and 30 subjects with no family history of diabetes mellitus as a control group were studied. Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics (fasting blood glucose, lipids, and insulin resistance) were measured. Heart rate variability parameters were recorded. Results: No significant differences in the anthropometric, biochemical or heart rate variability parameters between the group with positive family history of diabetes mellitus and the control group. Subjects with positive family history of diabetes mellitus were split into 2 groups as per the presence or absence of insulin resistance. Insignificantly, an increased sympathetic tone was seen in Type 2 diabetes mellitus offspring with insulin resistance as compared to those without it. Body mass index, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and fasting insulin and fasting blood glucose were also significantly higher in the insulin resistance group. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of insulin resistance among the young subjects with positive family history of diabetes. Thus, had an increased sympathetic activity compared to those who were insulin sensitive. This study confirms the early autonomic dysfunction in offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects previously reported in other non-Saudi populations.

scholarly journals A study of insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell function in diabetics and non-diabetics

Biomedicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-502
Author(s):  
Mary Chandrika A. ◽  
B. Shanthi
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Family History ◽  
Pancreatic Beta Cell ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
History Of

Introduction and Aim: The most common non-communicable disease affecting large population is type 2 diabetes mellitus. This metabolic disorder is characterized by hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. The causes of diabetes mellitus can vary greatly but always include either defects in insulin secretion of the pancreas or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced or in both at some point in the course of the disease. Materials and Methods: 200 participants who were divided into two groups, non-diabetics with and without family history of diabetes were involved in this study. The outcomes of fasting plasma glucose, postprandial plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, fasting plasma insulin, serum c-peptide, HOMA -IR, HOMA-B were compared between both the groups. Results: All these parameters were significantly correlated between the groups with the level of significance p<0.05%. Non-diabetic off-springs of type 2 diabetes were found to have hyperinsulinemia, increased level of serum c-peptide level, moderate insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction than non-diabetics without the family history of diabetes. The fasting hyperinsulinemia, known to reflect decreased insulin sensitivity constitute the strongest independent predictor of type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: The above findings show that insulin resistance is the primary abnormality in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

scholarly journals A Possible Early Alteration of Autonomic Activity Assessed by Heart Rate Variability in Saudi Offspring of Type 2 Diabetic Patients

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Daad H. Akbar ◽  
Maha A. Hegazi ◽  
Hanan A. Al Kadi ◽  
Maimona M. Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Family History ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
History Of

Background and Objectives: To evaluate cardiac autonomic function in non-diabetic offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients through assessment of heart rate variability. Autonomic dysfunction was reported in glucose tolerant on insulin-resistant offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. No data is available on cardiac autonomic dysfunction in Saudi offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Subject and Methods: Ninety-seven subjects with family history and 30 subjects with no family history of diabetes mellitus as a control group were studied. Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics (fasting blood glucose, lipids, and insulin resistance) were measured. Heart rate variability parameters were recorded. Results: No significant differences in the anthropometric, biochemical or heart rate variability parameters between the group with positive family history of diabetes mellitus and the control group. Subjects with positive family history of diabetes mellitus were split into 2 groups as per the presence or absence of insulin resistance. Insignificantly, an increased sympathetic tone was seen in Type 2 diabetes mellitus offspring with insulin resistance as compared to those without it. Body mass index, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and fasting insulin and fasting blood glucose were also significantly higher in the insulin resistance group. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of insulin resistance among the young subjects with positive family history of diabetes. Thus, had an increased sympathetic activity compared to those who were insulin sensitive. This study confirms the early autonomic dysfunction in offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects previously reported in other non-Saudi populations.

scholarly journals Risk Factors Associated with Diabetes Mellitus in Local Population of Lahore, Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Sana Arshad ◽  
Sania Tahir ◽  
Bilal Tahir ◽  
Nazia Tahir ◽  
Tahir Rasool ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Family History ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
History Of

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality amongst the people of Pakistan. In 2015, 7 million people had diabetes and the number is still on raise. Family history of diabetes, high body mass index, and other sociodemographic factors are the risk factors of diabetes. Persistent exposure to excessive glucose may be a reason behind diabetic complications like nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, cardiomyopathy and gestational diabetes mellitus.METHODS: For the evaluation of laboratory parameters, 600 blood samples were collected at Akhuwat Diabetic Centre and from Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. Demographic data of the participants was collected by filling a questionnaire. Lipid profile, liver enzymes, and renal function tests were performed and statistical analysis was done.RESULTS: Type 2 diabetes mellitus among other types is the most prevalent form of diabetes in our population. Family history of diabetes (p=0.002), Body Mass Index (&gt;25) p&lt;0.001, high cholesterol (p=0.04), high triglyceride p&lt;0.001, high LDL p&lt;0.001 and low HDL p&lt;0.001 are significantly associated with the incidence of diabetes. Hypertension among the other comorbidities is more common in diabetic patients.CONCLUSION: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is highly prevalent in the local population. Improved lifestyle and proper medical monitoring can help to manage diabetes in our population.

scholarly journals Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk factors in systemic lupus erythematosus

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-410
Author(s):  
L. V. Kondratyeva ◽  
T. V. Popkova ◽  
M. V. Cherkasova ◽  
A. M. Lila ◽  
E. L. Nasonov
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors

Objective. To clarify the frequency of insulin resistance (IR) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), traditional and associated with rheumatic disease risk factors for its development, to assess the possibility of using the Finnish Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment Score (FINDRISC) questionnaire to detect IR.Material and methods. The cross-sectional study included 49 patients with SLE (46 women, 3 men) without diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia, observed at the V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology in 2019–2020. The median age of the patients was 40 [33; 48] years, the duration of the disease was 3.0 [0.7; 8.0] years. Glucocorticoids (GC) were received by 41 (84%) patients, hydroxychloroquine – by 38 (78%), immunosuppressive drugs – by 10 (20%), biological agents – by 5 (10%). The glucose and fasting immunoreactive insulin levels were examined, and the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index was calculated in all patients. HOMA-IR value ≥2.77 corresponded to IR. Traditional risk factors for type 2 diabetes and the risk of its development in the next 10 years in patients with SLE were assessed using the Russian version of the FINDRISC questionnaire.Results. The median HOMA-IR level in SLE patients was 1.7 [1.2; 2.5]. IR was detected in 10 (20%) of 49 patients with SLE. Patients with and without IR were comparable in terms of sex, age, duration and activity of SLE, therapy, and type 2 diabetes traditional risk factors. BMI, WC and insulin levels were higher in patients with IR. HOMA-IR correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r=0.6; p<0.001), waist circumference (WC) (r=0.5; p<0.001), risk categories for developing type 2 diabetes according to FINDRISС (r=0.3; p=0.03), SLEDAI-2K index (r=–0.4; p<0.01), C3 complement levels in serum (r=0.3; p=0.04) and the duration of GC therapy (r=0.3; p=0.03).Conclusion. IR was diagnosed in 20% of SLE patients without a history of diabetes and with normal fasting glucose in venous blood. The lower SLE activity, the longer GC intake in patient, the higher the HOMA-IR index was detected in him. However, the IR appearance was reliably associated only with an increasing BMI and WC. The use of the FINDRISC questionnaire, which allows to stratify respondents in the general population by the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, did not help to identify SLE patients with IR.

The Presence of Family History and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Risk Factors in Rural Children

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marsha Howell Adams ◽  
Carol Ann Barnett Lammon
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Family History ◽  
School Health ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
Health Fairs ◽  
History Of

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is reaching epidemic proportions among children and adolescents. School health fairs offer an opportunity to identify children with risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study identified selected risk factors (i.e., high-risk racial/ethnic group, obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated casual blood glucose, elevated total cholesterol, and the presence of acanthosis nigricans) for development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural children with or without a family history of diabetes during annual school health fairs. Of the children screened, 40% (673) presented with two or more of the identified risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. The presence of multiple risk factors in participants reporting a positive family history of diabetes mellitus versus those with no family history was not statistically significant. Based on the study results, factors other than family history may be more predictive for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural school children.

Abstract 008: Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Preceded by β-cell Dysfunction, Insulin Resistance, or Both: The Cardiovascular Health Study

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumiaki Imamura ◽  
Kenneth J Mukamal ◽  
James B Meigs ◽  
Jose A Luchsinger ◽  
Joachim H Ix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Cell Dysfunction

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) results from insulin resistance (IR), pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, or both. We hypothesized that risk factors could differ for DM preceded predominantly by IR, β-cell dysfunction, or both. This hypothesis is particularly important for older adults, in whom β-cell dysfunction may be relatively common. Methods: During 18 years of follow-up among 3,899 older adults free of DM (mean±sd age =73.0±5.8), we identified 274 incident DM cases by DM medication use, fasting glucose (≥126 mg/dL), or 2-hour post-challenge glucose (≥200 mg/dL), for whom homeostatic model assessments for IR (HOMA-IR) and β-cell function (HOMA-B) were assessed after baseline and before DM diagnosis. Using median cutoffs of the follow-up HOMA-IR and HOMA-B, we subclassified incident DM into DM preceded by IR only (n=112), β-cell dysfunction only (n=70), or both (n=77). Using multivariate competing-risk Cox models, we tested whether DM risk factors were differentially associated with risk of each DM subclass. Results: Elevated triglyceride levels (≥150 mg/dL) and impaired fasting glucose (100-125 mg/dL) were each positively associated with DM, irrespective of the DM subclass. Other DM risk factors of older age, overweight, obesity, low HDL cholesterol, and hypertension had substantially varying relationships with risk of different DM subclasses (p<0.001 for the variations). For example, overweight (BMI=25-29.9 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m2) were each positively associated with DM preceded by IR only (hazard ratio [95% CI]= 2.21 [1.25-3.92] and 5.02 [2.81-9.00], respectively), but with a significant inverse association with DM preceded by β-cell dysfunction only (0.61 [0.37-1.00] and 0.33 [0.14-0.80], respectively) (Figure). Conclusions: Among older adults, some DM risk factors differ substantially depending on HOMA-IR or HOMA-B subclassification. These findings support our hypothesis of heterogeneity in incident DM, especially among older adults.

scholarly journals Risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among women with gestational diabetes mellitus in semi-urban area, Thiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu: a case control study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 922
Author(s):  
Joy Patricia Pushparani ◽  
M. Yazhini ◽  
K. Caroline Priya
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
History Of

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hence early detection by screening and management of GDM is very essential to reduce the burden of type 2 diabetes. Objectives was to evaluate the strength of association of GDM and type 2 diabetes among women aged 30 to 35 years in Thiruvallur District, to find the association of other risk factors with type 2 diabetes.Methods: A study was conducted among 160 women with 44 cases and 116 controls aged 30-35 years attending NCD clinics in Thiruvallur District between March and September 2016. The cases and controls were matched for age and time period between last delivery and the time of screening as 5 years or more. GDM exposure was ascertained if their venous blood glucose levels during their antenatal and postpartum period exceeded the oral glucose tolerance test criteria recommended by national guidelines.Results: In the study it was found that women with history of GDM are 4.65 times higher at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. There was significant association (p=0.000) between type 2 diabetes and risk factors like family history of diabetes, co-morbidities like hypertension, hypothyroidism.Conclusions: Gestational diabetes is a predictor of type 2 diabetes, as the women are registered in the pregnancy and infant cohort monitoring and evaluation system, it has the potential to identify women at risk of type 2 diabetes and intervene at the earliest.

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