scholarly journals How to interpret symptoms, signs and investigations of dehydration in children with gastroenteritis

2020 ◽  
pp. edpract-2019-317831
Author(s):  
Antonio Prisco ◽  
Daniela Capalbo ◽  
Stefano Guarino ◽  
Emanuele Miraglia del Giudice ◽  
Pierluigi Marzuillo
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Laboratory Investigations ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Dehydration is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Infants and young children are vulnerable to dehydration, and clinical assessment plays a pivotal role in their care. In addition, laboratory investigations can, in some children, be helpful when assessing the severity of dehydration and for guiding rehydration treatment. In this interpretation, we review the current literature and provide an evidence-based approach to recognising and managing dehydration in children.

Crotamiton Cream and Lotion in the Treatment of Infants and Young Children with Scabies

1979 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 443-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Konstantinov ◽  
L Stanoeva ◽  
S J Yawalkar
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Systemic Absorption ◽  
Treatment Schedule ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Small Children ◽  
Laboratory Investigations ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Fifty hospitalized infants and small children in the age-group of 3 months to 2 years admitted with scabies were treated with 5 applications of either 10% crotamiton cream or lotion on consecutive days. In this trial, the second to be performed exclusively in infants and young children, an improvement in itching was observed in all patients within 3 days of starting the treatment and the examination on Day 7 showed absence of skin lesions in all patients. Crotamiton cream as well as lotion rendered a 100% cure rate. All patients, including those having secondary pyoderma and/or eczematization tolerated the treatment with crotamiton cream and lotion well and no adverse reactions, either due to the topical application or to the transcutaneous systemic absorption of crotamiton, were reported. Post-treatment laboratory investigations did not reveal any unwanted effect due to transcutaneous systemic absorption of crotamiton on the blood, kidneys or liver. Crotamiton is the only scabicide available today which displays not only antipruritic but also marked antibacterial properties. It is especially indicated in the treatment of scabies in children as they are very prone to secondary bacterial infection following scratching. In view of its good efficacy and excellent tolerability the 5-application treatment schedule, with crotamiton cream applied to the whole body from the chin downward, can therefore be recommended as an optimum form of treatment for scabies in infants and young children.

scholarly journals Maternal and child nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and interventions

2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Lartey
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
African Women ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Maternal Malnutrition ◽  
Maternal Nutritional Status ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Women of child-bearing age (especially pregnant and lactating women), infants and young children are in the most nutritionally-vulnerable stages of the life cycle. Maternal malnutrition is a major predisposing factor for morbidity and mortality among African women. The causes include inadequate food intake, poor nutritional quality of diets, frequent infections and short inter-pregnancy intervals. Evidence for maternal malnutrition is provided by the fact that between 5 and 20% of African women have a low BMI as a result of chronic hunger. Across the continent the prevalence of anaemia ranges from 21 to 80%, with similarly high values for both vitamin A and Zn deficiency levels. Another challenge is the high rates of HIV infection, which compromise maternal nutritional status. The consequences of poor maternal nutritional status are reflected in low pregnancy weight gain and high infant and maternal morbidity and mortality. Suboptimal infant feeding practices, poor quality of complementary foods, frequent infections and micronutrient deficiencies have largely contributed to the high mortality among infants and young children in the region. Feeding children whose mothers are infected with HIV continues to remain an issue requiring urgent attention. There are successful interventions to improve the nutrition of mothers, infants and young children, which will be addressed. Interventions to improve the nutrition of infants and young children, particularly in relation to the improvement of micronutrient intakes of young children, will be discussed. The recent release by WHO of new international growth standards for assessing the growth and nutritional status of children provides the tool for early detection of growth faltering and for appropriate intervention.

Role of Lactoferrin in Neonates and Infants: An Update

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (06) ◽  
pp. 561-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Dall'Agnola ◽  
Daniel Tomé ◽  
David Kaufman ◽  
Elena Tavella ◽  
Marta Pieretto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Bioactive Proteins ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Neonates And Infants ◽  
Infants And Young Children

AbstractLactoferrin is one of the most represented and important bioactive proteins in human and mammal milk. In humans, lactoferrin is responsible for several actions targeting anti-infective, immunological, and gastrointestinal domains in neonates, infants, and young children. Evidence-based data vouch for the ability of supplemented lactoferrin to prevent sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants and to reduce the burden of morbidity related to gastrointestinal and respiratory pathogens in young children. However, several issues remain pending regarding answers and clarification related to quality control, correct intakes, optimal schedules and schemes of supplementations, interactions with probiotics, and different types of milk and formulas. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding lactoferrin and discusses the areas in need of further guidance prior to the adoption of strategies that include a routine use of lactoferrin in neonates and young children.

Evidence Gaps and Research Needs in Current Guidance on Feeding Children from Birth to 24 Months

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Ann Atkinson ◽  
Elizabeth Yakes Jimenez ◽  
Rafael Pérez-Escamilla
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Review Process ◽  
Dissemination And Implementation ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Current Guidance ◽  
New Research ◽  
Infants And Young Children

A U.S. National Academies report summarized recommendations on what and how to feed infants and young children in high-income countries from 43 eligible guideline documents. Consistency existed across many recommendations, but some differences occurred in topic areas, age groupings and methodological approaches. Future development of guidelines on feeding of infants and young children requires new research and a rigorous evidence-based review process that is harmonized within and across countries and incorporates dissemination and implementation guidance. Novelty: • New research and rigorous methods are recommended to develop future harmonized guidance on feeding of infants and young children that incorporates dissemination and implementation methods.

scholarly journals Guideline for the Diagnostic Pathway in Patients with Acute Abdominal Pain

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Gans ◽  
Margreet A. Pols ◽  
Jaap Stoker ◽  
Marja A. Boermeester ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Acute Abdominal Pain ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Diagnostic Pathway ◽  
Work Up

Introduction: Diagnostic practice for acute abdominal pain at the Emergency Department varies widely and is mostly based on doctor's preferences. We aimed at developing an evidence-based guideline for the diagnostic pathway of patients with abdominal pain of non-traumatic origin. Methods: All available international literature on patients with acute abdominal pain was identified and graded according to their methodological quality by members of the multidisciplinary steering group. A guideline was synthetized, providing evidence-based recommendations together with considerations based on expertise of group members, patient preferences, costs, availability of facilities, and organizational aspects. Conclusions and Recommendations: Definition: Uniform terminology is needed in patients with acute abdominal pain to avoid difficulty in interpretation and ease comparison of findings between studies. We propose the use of the following definition for acute abdominal pain: pain of nontraumatic origin with a maximum duration of 5 days. Clinical diagnosis: Clinical evaluation is advised to differentiate between urgent and nonurgent causes. The diagnostic accuracy of clinical assessment is insufficient to identify the correct diagnosis but can discriminate between urgent and nonurgent causes. Patients suspected of nonurgent diagnoses can safely be reevaluated the next day. Based on current literature, no conclusions can be drawn on the differences in accuracy between residents and specialists. No conclusions can be drawn on the influence of a gynecological consultation. In patients suspected of an urgent condition, additional imaging is justified. CRP and WBC count alone are insufficient to discriminate urgent from nonurgent diagnoses. Diagnostic imaging: There is no place for conventional radiography in the work-up of patients with acute abdominal pain due to the lack of added value on top of clinical assessment. Computed tomography leads to the highest sensitivity and specificity in patients with acute abdominal pain. Positive predictive value of ultrasound is comparable with CT and therefore preferred as the first imaging modality due to the downsides of computed tomography; negative or inconclusive ultrasound is followed by CT. Based on current literature, no conclusions can be drawn on the added value of a diagnostic laparoscopy in the work-up of patients with acute abdominal pain. Antibiotic treatment should be started within the first hour after recognition of sepsis. Administration of opioids (analgesics) decreases the intensity of the pain and does not affect the accuracy of physical examination.

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