scholarly journals International study of video review of concussion in professional sports

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (20) ◽  
pp. 1299-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin A Davis ◽  
Michael Makdissi ◽  
Paul Bloomfield ◽  
Patrick Clifton ◽  
Ruben J Echemendia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
International Study ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
American Football ◽  
Concussion Management ◽  
Video Review ◽  
Motor Incoordination ◽  
Australian Football

BackgroundVideo review has become an important tool in professional sporting codes to help sideline identification and management of players with a potential concussion.AimTo assess current practices related to video review of concussion in professional sports internationally, and compare protocols and diagnostic criteria used to identify and manage potential concussions.MethodsCurrent concussion management guidelines from professional national and international sporting codes were reviewed. Specific criteria and definitions of video signs associated with concussion were compared between codes. Rules and regulations adopted across the codes for processes around video review were also assessed.ResultsSix sports with specific diagnostic criteria and definitions for signs of concussion identified on video review participated in this study (Australian football, American football, world rugby, cricket, rugby league and ice hockey). Video signs common to all sports include lying motionless/loss of responsiveness and motor incoordination. The video signs considered by the majority of sports as most predictive of a diagnosis of concussion include motor incoordination, impact seizure, tonic posturing and lying motionless. Regulatory requirements, sideline availability of video, medical expertise of video reviewers and use of spotters differ across sports and geographical boundaries. By and large, these differences reflect a pragmatic approach from each sport, with limited underlying research and development of the video review process in some instances.ConclusionsThe use of video analysis in assisting medical staff with the diagnosis or identification of potential concussion is well established across different sports internationally. The diagnostic criteria used and the expertise of the video review personnel are not clearly established, and research efforts would benefit from a collaborative harmonisation across sporting codes.

scholarly journals Implementation of the 2017 Berlin Concussion in Sport Group Consensus Statement in contact and collision sports: a joint position statement from 11 national and international sports organisations

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 635-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon S Patricios ◽  
Clare L Ardern ◽  
Michael David Hislop ◽  
Mark Aubry ◽  
Paul Bloomfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Consensus Statement ◽  
Position Statement ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
American Football ◽  
Group Consensus ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
Australian Football

The 2017 Berlin Concussion in Sport Group Consensus Statement provides a global summary of best practice in concussion prevention, diagnosis and management, underpinned by systematic reviews and expert consensus. Due to their different settings and rules, individual sports need to adapt concussion guidelines according to their specific regulatory environment. At the same time, consistent application of the Berlin Consensus Statement’s themes across sporting codes is likely to facilitate superior and uniform diagnosis and management, improve concussion education and highlight collaborative research opportunities. This document summarises the approaches discussed by medical representatives from the governing bodies of 10 different contact and collision sports in Dublin, Ireland in July 2017. Those sports are: American football, Australian football, basketball, cricket, equestrian sports, football/soccer, ice hockey, rugby league, rugby union and skiing. This document had been endorsed by 11 sport governing bodies/national federations at the time of being published.

scholarly journals International consensus definitions of video signs of concussion in professional sports

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (20) ◽  
pp. 1264-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin A Davis ◽  
Michael Makdissi ◽  
Paul Bloomfield ◽  
Patrick Clifton ◽  
Ruben J Echemendia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Action ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Consensus Definition ◽  
Modified Delphi ◽  
Delphi Approach ◽  
Australian Football League ◽  
Australian Football ◽  
Individual Sports

BackgroundThe use of video to assist professional sporting bodies with the diagnosis of sport-related concussion (SRC) has been well established; however, there has been little consistency across sporting codes with regards to which video signs should be used, and the definitions of each of these signs.AimThe aims of this study were to develop a consensus for the video signs considered to be most useful in the identification of a possible SRC and to develop a consensus definition for each of these video signs across the sporting codes.MethodsA brief questionnaire was used to assess which video signs were considered to be most useful in the identification of a possible concussion. Consensus was defined as >90% agreement by respondents. Existing definitions of these video signs from individual sports were collated, and individual components of the definitions were assessed and ranked. A modified Delphi approach was then used to create a consensus definition for each of the video signs.ResultsRespondents representing seven sporting bodies (Australian Football League, Cricket Australia, Major League Baseball, NFL, NHL, National Rugby League, World Rugby) reached consensus on eight video signs of concussion. Thirteen representatives from the seven professional sports ranked the definition components. Consolidation and refinement of the video signs and their definitions resulted in consensus definitions for six video signs of possible concussion: lying motionless, motor incoordination, impact seizure, tonic posturing, no protective action—floppy and blank/vacant look.ConclusionsThese video signs and definitions have reached international consensus, are indicated for use by professional sporting bodies and will form the basis for further collaborative research.

scholarly journals Head impacts in a junior rugby league team measured with a wireless head impact sensor: an exploratory analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doug King ◽  
Patria Hume ◽  
Conor Gissane ◽  
Trevor Clark
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
American Football ◽  
High School Football ◽  
Head Impacts ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Collegiate Football ◽  
Frequency Magnitude

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency, magnitude, and distribution of head impacts sustained by players in a junior rugby league over a season of matches. METHODS The authors performed a prospective cohort analysis of impact magnitude, frequency, and distribution on data collected with instrumented XPatches worn behind the ear of players in an “under-11” junior rugby league team (players under 11 years old). RESULTS A total of 1977 impacts were recorded. Over the course of the study, players sustained an average of 116 impacts (average of 13 impacts per player per match). The measured linear acceleration ranged from 10g to 123g (mean 22g, median 16g, and 95th percentile 57g). The rotational acceleration ranged from 89 rad/sec2 to 22,928 rad/sec2 (mean 4041 rad/sec2, median 2773 rad/sec2, and 95th percentile 11,384 rad/sec2). CONCLUSIONS The level of impact severity based on the magnitude of impacts for linear and rotational accelerations recorded was similar to the impacts reported in studies of American junior and high school football, collegiate football, and youth ice hockey players, but the players in the rugby league cohort were younger, had less body mass, and played at a slower speed than the American players. Junior rugby league players are required to tackle the player to the ground and use a different tackle technique than that used in American football, likely increasing the rotational accelerations recorded at the head.

An Investigation of Factors Associated With Head Impact Exposure in Professional Male and Female Australian Football Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1485-1495
Author(s):  
Jonathan Reyes ◽  
Biswadev Mitra ◽  
Andrew McIntosh ◽  
Patrick Clifton ◽  
Michael Makdissi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skill Development ◽  
Head Impact ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
American Football ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Impact Rate ◽  
Direct Head ◽  
Australian Football ◽  
Player Experience

Background: Exposure to head acceleration events (HAEs) has been associated with player sex, player position, and player experience in North American football, ice hockey, and lacrosse. Little is known of these factors in professional Australian football. Video analysis allows HAE verification and characterization of important determinants of injury. Purpose: To characterize verified HAEs in the nonhelmeted contact sport of professional Australian football and investigate the association of sex, player position, and player experience with HAE frequency and magnitude. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Professional Australian football players wore a nonhelmeted accelerometer for 1 match, with data collected across 14 matches. HAEs with peak linear accelerations (PLAs) ≥30 g were verified with match video. Verified HAEs were summarized by frequency and median PLA and compared between the sexes, player position, and player experience. Characterization of match-related situations of verified HAEs was conducted, and the head impact rate per skill execution was calculated. Results: 92 male and 118 female players were recruited during the 2017 season. Male players sustained more HAEs (median, 1; IQR, 0-2) than female players (median, 0; IQR, 0-1; P = .007) during a match. The maximum PLAs incurred during a match were significantly higher in male players (median, 61.8 g; IQR, 40.5-87.1) compared with female players (median, 44.5 g; IQR, 33.6-74.8; P = .032). Neither player position nor experience was associated with HAE frequency. Of all verified HAEs, 52% (n = 110) occurred when neither team had possession of the football, and 46% (n = 98) were caused by contact from another player attempting to gain possession of the football. A subset of HAEs (n = 12; 5.7%) resulted in players seeking medical aid and/or being removed from the match (median PLA, 58.8 g; IQR, 34.0-89.0), with 2 (male) players diagnosed with concussion after direct head impacts and associated PLAs of 62 g and 75 g, respectively. In the setting of catching (marking) the football, female players exhibited twice the head impact rate (16 per 100 marking contests) than male players (8 per 100 marking contests). Conclusion: Playing situations in which players have limited control of the football are a common cause of impacts. Male players sustained a greater exposure to HAEs compared with female players. Female players, however, sustained higher exposure to HAEs than male players during certain skill executions, possibly reflecting differences in skill development. These findings can therefore inform match and skill development in the emerging professional women’s competition of Australian football.

scholarly journals Developing methods to detect and diagnose chronic traumatic encephalopathy during life: rationale, design, and methodology for the DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Alosco ◽  
Megan L. Mariani ◽  
Charles H. Adler ◽  
Laura J. Balcer ◽  
Charles Bernick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Self Report ◽  
American Football ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Blood Draw ◽  
Research Project

Abstract Background Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease that has been neuropathologically diagnosed in brain donors exposed to repetitive head impacts, including boxers and American football, soccer, ice hockey, and rugby players. CTE cannot yet be diagnosed during life. In December 2015, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke awarded a seven-year grant (U01NS093334) to fund the “Diagnostics, Imaging, and Genetics Network for the Objective Study and Evaluation of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (DIAGNOSE CTE) Research Project.” The objectives of this multicenter project are to: develop in vivo fluid and neuroimaging biomarkers for CTE; characterize its clinical presentation; refine and validate clinical research diagnostic criteria (i.e., traumatic encephalopathy syndrome [TES]); examine repetitive head impact exposure, genetic, and other risk factors; and provide shared resources of anonymized data and biological samples to the research community. In this paper, we provide a detailed overview of the rationale, design, and methods for the DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project. Methods The targeted sample and sample size was 240 male participants, ages 45–74, including 120 former professional football players, 60 former collegiate football players, and 60 asymptomatic participants without a history of head trauma or participation in organized contact sports. Participants were evaluated at one of four U.S. sites and underwent the following baseline procedures: neurological and neuropsychological examinations; tau and amyloid positron emission tomography; magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy; lumbar puncture; blood and saliva collection; and standardized self-report measures of neuropsychiatric, cognitive, and daily functioning. Study partners completed similar informant-report measures. Follow-up evaluations were intended to be in-person and at 3 years post-baseline. Multidisciplinary diagnostic consensus conferences are held, and the reliability and validity of TES diagnostic criteria are examined. Results Participant enrollment and all baseline evaluations were completed in February 2020. Three-year follow-up evaluations began in October 2019. However, in-person evaluation ceased with the COVID-19 pandemic, and resumed as remote, 4-year follow-up evaluations (including telephone-, online-, and videoconference-based cognitive, neuropsychiatric, and neurologic examinations, as well as in-home blood draw) in February 2021. Conclusions Findings from the DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project should facilitate detection and diagnosis of CTE during life, and thereby accelerate research on risk factors, mechanisms, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of CTE. Trial registration NCT02798185

scholarly journals Using Wearable Sensors and a Convolutional Neural Network for Catch Detection in American Football

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 6722
Author(s):  
Bernhard Hollaus ◽  
Sebastian Stabinger ◽  
Andreas Mehrle ◽  
Christian Raschner
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
American Football ◽  
Data Logging ◽  
Sensor Platform ◽  
Magnetometer Data ◽  
Audio Data ◽  
New Type

Highly efficient training is a must in professional sports. Presently, this means doing exercises in high number and quality with some sort of data logging. In American football many things are logged, but there is no wearable sensor that logs a catch or a drop. Therefore, the goal of this paper was to develop and verify a sensor that is able to do exactly that. In a first step a sensor platform was used to gather nine degrees of freedom motion and audio data of both hands in 759 attempts to catch a pass. After preprocessing, the gathered data was used to train a neural network to classify all attempts, resulting in a classification accuracy of 93%. Additionally, the significance of each sensor signal was analysed. It turned out that the network relies most on acceleration and magnetometer data, neglecting most of the audio and gyroscope data. Besides the results, the paper introduces a new type of dataset and the possibility of autonomous training in American football to the research community.

The Complexity of Concussion Management in Youth Ice Hockey: Context Matters

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda M. Black ◽  
Onutobor Omu ◽  
Mariana Brussoni ◽  
Carolyn A. Emery
Keyword(s):  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Concussion Management

scholarly journals Deep Reinforcement Learning in Ice Hockey for Context-Aware Player Evaluation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guiliang Liu ◽  
Oliver Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Game Context ◽  
Player Performance ◽  
Q Function

A variety of machine learning models have been proposed to assess the performance of players in professional sports. However, they have only a limited ability to model how player performance depends on the game context. This paper proposes a new approach to capturing game context: we apply Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) to learn an action-value Q function from 3M play-by-play events in the National Hockey League (NHL). The neural network representation integrates both continuous context signals and game history, using a possession-based LSTM. The learned Q-function is used to value players' actions under different game contexts. To assess a player's overall performance, we introduce a novel Game Impact Metric (GIM) that aggregates the values of the player's actions. Empirical Evaluation shows GIM is consistent throughout a play season, and correlates highly with standard success measures and future salary.

scholarly journals Video Analysis and Verification of Direct Head Impacts Recorded by Wearable Sensors in Junior Rugby League Players

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauchlan John Carey ◽  
Douglas P Terry ◽  
Andrew McIntosh ◽  
Peter Stanwell ◽  
Grant L Iverson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Video Analysis ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Head Impacts ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Video Review ◽  
Direct Head ◽  
Elite Level

Abstract Background: Rugby League is a high-intensity collision sport that carries a risk of concussion. Youth athletes are considered to be more vulnerable and take longer to recover from concussion than adult athletes. Purpose: To review head impact events in elite level junior representative rugby league and to verify and analyze x-patchTM recorded impacts via video analysis.Study Design: Observational case series.Methods: The x-patchTM was used on twenty-one adolescent players (thirteen forwards and eight backs) during a 2017 junior representative rugby league competition. Game day footage, recorded by a trained videographer from a single camera, was synchronized with accelerometer timestamps. Impacts were double verified by video review. Impact rates, playing characteristics, and game play situations were described.Results: The x-patchTM recorded 624 impacts 20g between game start and finish, of which 564 (90.4%) were verified on video. Upon video review, 413 (73.2%) of all verified impacts 20g where determined to be direct head impacts. Direct head impacts 20g occurred at a rate of 5.2 impacts per game hour; 7.6 for forwards and 3.0 for backs (range=0-18.2). A defender’s arm directly impacting the head of the ball carrier was the most common event, accounting for 21.3% (n=120) of all impacts, and 46.7% of all “hit-up” impacts. There were no medically diagnosed concussions during the competition.Conclusion: The majority (90.4%) of impacts 20g recorded by the x-patchTM sensor were verified by video. Double verification of direct head impacts in addition to cross-verification of sensor recorded impacts using a secondary source such as synchronized video review can be used to ensure accuracy and validation of data.

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