scholarly journals Impacts of smoke-free public places legislation on inequalities in youth smoking uptake: study protocol for a secondary analysis of UK survey data

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e022490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Emeka Anyanwu ◽  
Peter Craig ◽  
Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi ◽  
Michael James Green
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Parental Smoking ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Youth Smoking ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Smoking Uptake ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionSmoke-free public places legislation has been introduced in many countries to protect the public from the harmful effects of secondhand smoking. While evaluations of smoke-free policies have demonstrated major public health benefits, the impact on youth smoking and inequalities in smoking remains unclear. This project aims to evaluate how smoke-free public places legislation in the UK has impacted on inequalities in youth smoking uptake, and how much of any impact is via changes in parental smoking behaviour.Methods and analysisThe study will constitute secondary analyses of UK data (from the British Household Panel Survey and the Understanding Society study). Merging these datasets gives coverage of the period from 1994 to 2016. Missing data will be handled using multiple imputation. The primary outcomes are the rates and inequalities in initiation, experimentation, escalation to daily smoking and quitting among youths aged 11–15 years. Secondary outcomes include the prevalence of smoking among parents of these youths. Discrete-time event history analysis will be conducted to examine whether changes in the probability of youth smoking transitions are associated with the implementation of the smoke-free public places legislation; and whether any observed effects differ by socioeconomic position and parental smoking. A multilevel logistic regression model will be used to investigate whether there is a step change or change in trend for the prevalence of parental smoking after the policy was implemented. The models will be adjusted for relevant factors (including cigarette taxation, the change in the legal age for purchase of cigarettes and e-cigarette prevalence) that may be associated with the implementation of the legislation.Ethics and disseminationThis project will use anonymised survey data which have been collected following independent ethical review. The dissemination of the study findings will adopt multiple communication channels targeting both scientific and non-scientific audiences.

scholarly journals The Impact of Retail Cigarette Marketing Practices on Youth Smoking Uptake

2007 ◽  
Vol 161 (5) ◽  
pp. 440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandy J. Slater ◽  
Frank J. Chaloupka ◽  
Melanie Wakefield ◽  
Lloyd D. Johnston ◽  
Patrick M. O’Malley
Keyword(s):  
Youth Smoking ◽  
Smoking Uptake ◽  
The Impact

Smoking to fit a stigmatised identity? A qualitative study of marginalised young people in Australia

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marita Hefler ◽  
Stacy M Carter
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Inner City ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
At Risk Youth ◽  
Structural Inequality ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Smoking Uptake ◽  
The Impact

In countries with comprehensive tobacco control, smoking is increasingly denormalised, with smokers subject to social stigmatisation. Qualitative research and commentary about denormalisation and stigma has largely focused on the impact on current or former smokers. Little attention has been given to the interaction between existing stigma among socially marginalised and disadvantaged young people and its role in smoking uptake, maintenance and resistance to quitting, or remaining a non-smoker. This article draws on a qualitative (grounded theory) study of young people aged 16–25 years who attended social services for at-risk youth in an inner city area in Australia, to explore the intersection between stigmatised identity and smoking in a context of increasing smoking denormalisation. Drawing on theoretical conceptualisations of stigma, we outline processes by which participants accept and apply social labels, internalise or distance themselves from stigmatised identities, and the influence of labelling on smoking trajectories, to demonstrate how the persistent dilemma of stigma shapes and reinforces smoking behaviour. The study highlights the need for tobacco control initiatives to align and integrate with broader initiatives to address structural inequality and social disadvantage.

scholarly journals Impact of UK Tobacco Control Policies on Inequalities in Youth Smoking Uptake: A Natural Experiment Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1973-1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Emeka Anyanwu ◽  
Peter Craig ◽  
Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi ◽  
Michael James Green
Keyword(s):  
Parental Education ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Youth Smoking ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
Occasional Smoking ◽  
Smoking Uptake ◽  
Tobacco Taxation ◽  
Smoking Transitions

Abstract Introduction UK countries implemented smoke-free public places legislation and increased the legal age for tobacco purchase from 16 to 18 years between 2006 and 2008. We evaluated the immediate and long-term impacts of these UK policy changes on youth smoking uptake and inequalities therein. Aims and Methods We studied 74 960 person-years of longitudinal data from 14 992 youths (aged 11–15 years) in annual UK household surveys between 1994 and 2016. Discrete-time event history analyses examined whether changes in rates of youth smoking transitions (initiation, experimentation, and escalation to daily smoking or quitting) or their inequalities (by parental education) were associated with policy implementation. Parallel analyses examined smoke-free legislation and the change in legal age. We interpret the results as a combined effect of the two pieces of legislation as their implementation dates were too close to identify separate effects. Models were adjusted for sex, age, UK country, historical year, tobacco taxation, and e-cigarette prevalence, with multiple imputation for missing data. Results For both policies, smoking initiation reduced following implementation (change in legal age odds ratio [OR]: 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55 to 0.81; smoke-free legislation OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.56 to 0.82), while inequalities in initiation narrowed over subsequent years. The legal age change was associated with annual increases in progression from initiation to occasional smoking (OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.50) and a reduction in quitting following implementation (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.94). Similar effects were observed for smoke-free legislation but CIs overlapped the null. Conclusions Policies such as these may be highly effective in preventing and reducing socioeconomic inequalities in youth smoking initiation. Implications UK implementation of smoke-free legislation and an increase in the legal age for tobacco purchase from 16 to 18 years were associated with an immediate reduction in smoking initiation and a narrowing of inequalities in initiation over subsequent years. While the policies were associated with reductions in the initiation, progression to occasional smoking increased and quitting decreased following the legislation.

Discrepancies between youth and parent perceptions of their household environment relevant to smoking: a secondary analysis of the 2004/05 Canadian Youth Smoking Survey

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 78-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Nowatzki ◽  
A.S.H. Schultz ◽  
E.J. Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Parent Perceptions ◽  
Youth Smoking ◽  
Parent Survey ◽  
Youth Smoking Survey ◽  
Canadian Youth ◽  
Household Environment ◽  
Smoking Uptake ◽  
Significant Patterns

Objective To compare the perceptions of youth in grades 5 to 9 and parents regarding their household environment relevant to smoking socialization. Methods We conducted secondary analysis of the 2004/05 Canadian Youth Smoking Survey and corresponding parent survey, and used the McNemar Test to compare youth and parent responses. Results Results showed statistically significant patterns of disagreement between youth and parent responses at most levels of youth smoking uptake regarding parental smoking, household rules around smoking, and smoking in the home and vehicles. When youth and parents disagreed, the following patterns emerged: non-susceptible, non-smoking youth perceived their parents as non-smokers and youth with more smoking experience perceived their parents as smokers; youth at all levels of smoking uptake perceived fewer rules in the home than parents indicated, more smoking in the home than parents indicated, and exposure to smoking in vehicles in contrast to vehicle smoking bans indicated by parents. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to compare the perceptions of youth and parents regarding household variables related to the socialization of tobacco use. The discrepancies between youth and parent responses suggest that there is room to improve on establishing household environments that clearly condemn the use of tobacco, which may affect youth susceptibility to future smoking.

scholarly journals Parental Smoking and Smoking Cognitions among Youth: A Systematic Review of the Literature

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Lochbuehler ◽  
Kathrin Schuck ◽  
Roy Otten ◽  
Linda Ringlever ◽  
Marieke Hiemstra
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Social Learning ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Parental Smoking ◽  
Learning Theories ◽  
Youth Smoking ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Mediating Role

Aims: We summarized and discussed the empirical evidence for an association between parental smoking and smoking-related cognitions among youth and for the mediating role of smoking-related cognitions in the relation between parental and youth smoking behaviour. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of articles published between 1980 and February 2015 using the databases PsychInfo and PubMed. Results: The systematic search resulted in 41 eligible studies. Only 4 studies investigated smoking-related cognitions as putative mediators in the association between parental and youth smoking. The synthesis of evidence showed a mix of significant and non-significant associations between parental smoking and smoking-related cognitions among youth. A majority of results reported positive associations even when non-significant findings were found. However, studies that report an effect suggest that the effect may be quite modest. Conclusion: Empirical evidence does not confirm the commonly applied assertions of social learning theories that parental smoking increases the risk of youth smoking through the development of favourable smoking-related cognitions. Methodological and theoretical aspects that might explain the lack of consistent findings are discussed.

Secondary analysis of national and subnational survey data to evaluate the impact of the scale-up of malaria control interventions in Malawi, 2000–10

The Lancet ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 381 ◽  
pp. S60
Author(s):  
Christine Hershey ◽  
Doreen Ali ◽  
Lia Florey ◽  
Adam Bennett ◽  
Misheck Luhanga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Materialism and Green Purchase Intention: A Study of Urban Vietnamese Consumers

2017 ◽  
pp. 89-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mai Nguyen Thi Tuyet ◽  
Hung Nguyen Vu ◽  
Linh Nguyen Hoang ◽  
Minh Nguyen Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Subjective Norm ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Tpb Model ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Impact

This study focuses on examining the impact of three components of materialism on green purchase intention for urban consumers in Vietnam, an emerging economy. An extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is applied as the conceptual framework for this study. The hypotheses are empirically tested using survey data obtained from consumers in Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam. The regression results show support for most of our hypotheses. The findings indicate that two out of three facets of materialism are significant predictors of green purchase intention. Specifically, success is found to be negatively related to purchase intention, while happiness is related positively to the intention. All three antecedents in the TPB model, including attitude towards green purchase, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control are also found to have positive impacts on purchase intention. The research findings are discussed and implications for managers and policy makers are provided.

Taking Aim at Attack Advertising

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Fridkin ◽  
Patrick Kenney
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Empirical Validation ◽  
Negative Campaigning ◽  
Senate Elections ◽  
Campaign Messages ◽  
Negative Messages ◽  
The Impact

This book develops and tests the “tolerance and tactics theory of negativity.” The theory argues that citizens differ in their tolerance of negative campaigning. Also, candidates vary in the tactics used to attack their opponents, with negative messages varying in their relevance to voters and in the civility of their tone. The interplay between citizens’ tolerance of negativity and candidates’ negative messages helps clarify when negative campaigning will influence citizens’ evaluations of candidates and their likelihood of voting. A diverse set of data sources was collected from U.S. Senate elections (e.g., survey data, experiments, content analysis, focus groups) across several years to test the theory. The tolerance and tactics theory of negativity receives strong empirical validation. First, people differ systematically in their tolerance for negativity, and their tolerance changes over the course of the campaign. Second, people’s levels of tolerance consistently and powerfully influence how they assess negative messages. Third, the relevance and civility of negative messages consistently influence citizens’ assessments of candidates competing for office. That is, negative messages focusing on relevant topics and utilizing an uncivil tone produce significant changes in people’s impressions of the candidates. Furthermore, people’s tolerance of negativity influences their susceptibility to negative campaigning. Specifically, relevant and uncivil messages are most influential for people who are least tolerant of negative campaigning. The relevance and civility of campaign messages also alter people’s likelihood of voting, and the impact of negative messages on turnout is more consequential for people with less tolerance of negativity.

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