Although several adjuncts to the general anesthetic propofol have been proposed, there is insufficient research identifying the ideal agent, and in what dosage, to combine with propofol in dental outpatient anesthesia. Here we examined the combination of remifentanil or nitrous oxide and propofol in patients with severe dental avoidance undergoing dental treatment in the outpatient setting. Eighty patients were randomized to 4 groups and administered propofol/saline solution (PS; n = 20), propofol/remifentanil 0.25 μg/kg/min (PRe-0.25; n = 20), propofol/remifentanil 0.125 μg/kg/min (PRe-0.125; n = 20), or propofol/66% nitrous oxide (PN; n = 20). During anesthesia, the bispectral index value was kept between 40 and 60. Body movements and hemodynamic changes during anesthesia, emergence, and recovery as well as anesthetic cost were compared between the combinations. Body movements were observed in all patients administered PS but in no patients administered PRe-0.25, PRe-0.125, or PN. Postoperative nausea was observed in 5 patients (25%) administered PRe-0.25 and in 1 patient (5%) administered PN. Although both PRe-0.125 and PN were useful clinically, PRe-0.125 was the least expensive combination.
Pain and Stress Response during Intravenous Access in Children with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Effects of EMLA and Nitrous Oxide Treatment
