Quantitative Studies on the Fixation Ratio "Complement: Antibody" in Complement-Fixation Tests with Syphilitic Serum

In 1968, Sugimura and Yanagawa described a small 25 nm virus like particle in association with the Matsuda strain of infectious canine hepatitis virus (ICHV). Domoto and Yanagawa showed that this particle was dependent on ICHV for its replication in primary dog kidney cell cultures (PDK) and was resistant to heating at 70°C for 10 min, and concluded that it was a canine adeno-associated virus (CAAV). Later studies by Onuma and Yanagawa compared CAAV with the known human serotypes (AAV 1, 2, 3) and AAV-4, known to be associated with African Green Monkeys. Using the complement fixation (CF) test, they found that CAAV was serologically related to AAV-3 and had wide distribution in the dog population of Japan.

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Residual Gas Reaction in the Electron Microscope: II The Design of a Gas-Control Chamber for Quantitative Observations

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100062324 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 82-83

Author(s):

Chester J. Calbick ◽

Richard E. Hartman

Keyword(s):

Electron Beam ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Local Environment ◽

Chamber Pressure ◽

Objective Lens ◽

Ion Pump ◽

Quantitative Studies ◽

Precise Knowledge ◽

Differential Pumping ◽

And Control

Quantitative studies of the phenomenon associated with reactions induced by the electron beam between specimens and gases present in the electron microscope require precise knowledge and control of the local environment experienced by the portion of the specimen in the electron beam. Because of outgassing phenomena, the environment at the irradiated portion of the specimen is very different from that in any place where gas pressures and compositions can be measured. We have found that differential pumping of the specimen chamber by a 4" Orb-Ion pump, following roughing by a zeolite sorption pump, can produce a specimen-chamber pressure 100- to 1000-fold less than that in the region below the objective lens.

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Comparative strengths and weaknesses of peroxidase and colloidal gold in pre- and post-embedding immunolabeling techniques

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100129279 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 1002-1005

Author(s):

D. R. Abrahamson ◽

P. L. St.John ◽

E. W. Perry

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Horseradish Peroxidase ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Colloidal Gold ◽

Light Microscope ◽

Ultrastructural Localization ◽

The Other ◽

Quantitative Studies ◽

Dense Suspension ◽

Antigen Localization

Antibodies coupled to tracers for electron microscopy have been instrumental in the ultrastructural localization of antigens within cells and tissues. Among the most popular tracers are horseradish peroxidase (HRP), an enzyme that yields an osmiophilic reaction product, and colloidal gold, an electron dense suspension of particles. Some advantages of IgG-HRP conjugates are that they are readily synthesized, relatively small, and the immunolabeling obtained in a given experiment can be evaluated in the light microscope. In contrast, colloidal gold conjugates are available in different size ranges and multiple labeling as well as quantitative studies can therefore be undertaken through particle counting. On the other hand, gold conjugates are generally larger than those of HRP but usually can not be visualized with light microscopy. Concern has been raised, however, that HRP reaction product, which is exquisitely sensitive when generated properly, may in some cases distribute to sites distant from the original binding of the conjugate and therefore result in spurious antigen localization.

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Evaluation of the Complement Fixation Test in Amebiasis

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1016/s0016-5085(52)80038-1 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 391-399 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elwood Buchman ◽

Harold J. Kullman ◽

George F. Margonis

Keyword(s):

Complement Fixation Test ◽

Complement Fixation ◽

Fixation Test

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Understanding Why Older People Develop a Wish to Die

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000078 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 204-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

M. L. Rurup ◽

H. R. W. Pasman ◽

J. Goedhart ◽

D. J. H. Deeg ◽

A. J. F. M. Kerkhof ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older People ◽

Cohort Studies ◽

Conceptual Framework ◽

Life Events ◽

Traumatic Life Events ◽

Quantitative Studies ◽

Wish To Die ◽

Open Coding ◽

Death Wishes ◽

Depth Interviews

Background: Quantitative studies in several European countries showed that 10–20% of older people have or have had a wish to die. Aims: To improve our understanding of why some older people develop a wish to die. Methods: In-depth interviews with people with a wish to die (n = 31) were carried out. Through open coding and inductive analysis, we developed a conceptual framework to describe the development of death wishes. Respondents were selected from two cohort studies. Results: The wish to die had either been triggered suddenly after traumatic life events or had developed gradually after a life full of adversity, as a consequence of aging or illness, or after recurring depression. The respondents were in a situation they considered unacceptable, yet they felt they had no control to change their situation and thus progressively “gave up” trying. Recurring themes included being widowed, feeling lonely, being a victim, being dependent, and wanting to be useful. Developing thoughts about death as a positive thing or a release from problems seemed to them like a way to reclaim control. Conclusions: People who wish to die originally develop thoughts about death as a positive solution to life events or to an adverse situation, and eventually reach a balance of the wish to live and to die.

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QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF IODINE METABOLISM IN SPORADIC, NON-TOXIC GOITRE

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0760067 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

pp. 67-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

H. Agerbæk ◽

S. E. Jensen

Keyword(s):

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Iodine Uptake ◽

Quantitative Studies ◽

Euthyroid State ◽

Iodine Metabolism ◽

Dynamic Patterns ◽

Perchlorate Discharge Test ◽

Normal Controls ◽

Discharge Test

ABSTRACT In 129 patients with non-toxic goitre and 27 normal controls, thyroid dynamic patterns were estimated in an attempt to elucidate pathogenesis. The clinically euthyroid state was confirmed by measurement of PBI, T3-sephadex uptake and BMR. Thyroid clearance (th. cl.), plasma iodide (PII), and absolute iodine uptake (AIU) were determined and a perchlorate discharge test performed. Twenty patients (16%) had a high AIU and were thus suspected of having dyshormonogenesis; nine were thoroughly investigated and in six dyshormonogenesis was found. Both normals and non-toxic goitre patients had a low PII, but in the goitrous patients values were lowest. The thyroid clearance of iodide was significantly higher in the goitre patients, suggesting iodine deficiency to be a major aetiologic factor for goitre formation. AIU was higher in the goitre patients than in normals, suggesting a larger iodine leakage from the thyroid in these patients.

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IMMUNOASSAY OF GONADOTROPHINS USING COMPLEMENT FIXATION

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.062s113 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 62 (1_Suppl) ◽

pp. S113-S133 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sam Brody

Keyword(s):

Complement Fixation Test ◽

Complement Fixation ◽

Research Work ◽

Fixation Test ◽

Years Of Experience ◽

Standard Practice ◽

Clinical Observations ◽

Technical Procedure ◽

Methodological Problems

ABSTRACT This report is a summary of 10 years of experience with the complement fixation test as adopted for the immunoassay of HCG in serum. It is based on published as well as unpublished material. The discussion centers mainly around methodological problems, criteria of reliability, and clinical observations. It is our impression that the complement fixation test is a reasonably rapid and simple technical procedure. It is standard practice in every bacteriological and virological laboratory. The precision of the HCG assay is high. Its accuracy is good. The complement fixation assay, as reported here, fulfils the criteria of specificity. It has been evaluated by means of serological techniques and through comparison between biopotency and immunopotency of HCG in serum with reference to a common standard. Its application for routine as well as research work is illustrated.

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CHEMISTRY OF GONADOTROPHINS IN RELATION TO THEIR ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.062s013 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 62 (1_Suppl) ◽

pp. S13-S30 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

W. R. Butt

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Complement Fixation ◽

Neuraminic Acid ◽

Fixation Technique ◽

Immunological Activity ◽

Antigenic Properties ◽

Specific Antisera ◽

Structural Differences

ABSTRACT Several chemical differences between FSH, LH and HCG have been reported: thus LH and HCG are richer in proline than FSH and FSH and HCG contain more N-acetyl neuraminic acid than LH. Sub-units of LH are formed by treatment with urea, guanidine or acid. HCG also may contain two sub-units. The sub-units from LH are biologically inert but retain their immunological activity: biological activity is restored when the sub-units are incubated together. There is much evidence from chemical and enzymic reactions that antigenic groups are distinct from those parts of the molecule essential for biological activity. N-acetyl neuraminic acid and probably other carbohydrates in FSH and HCG are not involved in immunological activity but are necessary for biological activity. Histidine, methionine and possibly cysteine appear to be essential for biological but not immunological activity of FSH, while tryptophan and possibly tyrosine are not essential for either. A few highly specific antisera to gonadotrophins have been prepared in rabbits and guinea pigs to crude antigens: there is no evidence that purified antigens are more likely to produce specific antisera. Differences in the immunological reactivities of urinary compared with pituitary gonadotrophins have been observed both by radioimmunoassay and by the complement fixation technique. The latter may be particularly useful for detecting structural differences in the hormones.

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