scholarly journals Colours, capsules and concept flavour names on cigarette packs appeal to youth in Mexico

2022 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056905
Author(s):  
Jennifer L Brown ◽  
Graziele Grilo ◽  
Joanna E Cohen ◽  
Katherine Clegg Smith ◽  
Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Packaging Design ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Influence Perceptions ◽  
Perceived Harm ◽  
Cigarette Packs ◽  
Experimental Survey

BackgroundFlavoured cigarettes are popular in Mexico. We examined how cigarette packaging design features used to communicate flavour influence perceptions of appeal, harm, perceived interest and pack preference among Mexico City residents.MethodsWe conducted an experimental survey. Participants aged 13–34 years were randomly assigned to one of three conditions, viewed packs with systematically manipulated design features (colour, capsule image and flavour name) and answered questions on appeal, perceived harm, perceived interest and pack preference. Data were analysed using mixed effects and conditional logistic regression.Results1500 adolescents and 950 adults participated. Regardless of flavour, cigarette packs with a background colour and capsule image were more appealing to adolescents (OR=13.19, 95% CI 11.53 to 15.10; OR=1.68, 95% CI 1.45 to 1.88) and adults (OR=4.18, 95% CI 3.73 to 4.69; OR=1.66, 95% CI 1.49 to 1.85) than packs without. Among adolescents, ‘Tropical Burst’ named packs were more appealing (OR=1.43, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.72) than packs without a flavour name and among adults, ‘Arctic Air’ named packs were more appealing (OR=1.20, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.14). Adolescents and adults reported a preference for trying packs that displayed a flavour name, background colour or capsule image (b=0.104, b=0.702, b=1.316, p<0.001 and b=0.126, b=0.619, b=0.775, p<0.001).ConclusionsColours and flavour capsule images appeal to adolescents and adults in Mexico. Mexico should consider adopting plain packaging to reduce appeal and interest.

scholarly journals “It’s all About the Colors:” How do Mexico City Youth Perceive Cigarette Pack Design

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graziele Grilo ◽  
Lisa P. Lagasse ◽  
Joanna E. Cohen ◽  
Meghan B. Moran ◽  
Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Packaging Design ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Cigarette Pack ◽  
Branding Strategies ◽  
Product Appeal ◽  
Cigarette Packs

Objectives: Cigarette packs are relevant to branding strategies, designed to appeal to specific groups. There is little research on how pack features increase product appeal among key constituents such as youth in low- and middle-income countries.Methods: We conducted 10 focus group discussions (FGDs) with adolescents and 5 FGDs with young adult smokers in Mexico City, separated by age, gender, smoking, and socioeconomic status. Participants separated 23 cigarette packs into “appealing” and “unappealing” groups, and were asked to explain their decisions, describing the features that supported their views. FGDs were video-recorded, transcribed in Spanish, translated into English, and subjected to thematic analysis.Results: Pack groupings did not differ greatly across FGDs; bold, contrasting colors and elements communicating flavor and promotion increased cigarette pack appeal and desire to try. Participants perceived packs with these features to be used by and designed for youth, like themselves.Conclusion: Our findings reinforce the importance of packaging design in attracting new consumers and maintaining current ones. Mexico should consider stronger tobacco advertising policies that include packaging color and depiction of flavor to reduce product appeal.

scholarly journals Exposure to PM2.5 and Obesity Prevalence in the Greater Mexico City Area

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2301
Author(s):  
Marcela Tamayo-Ortiz ◽  
Martha María Téllez-Rojo ◽  
Stephen J. Rothenberg ◽  
Ivan Gutiérrez-Avila ◽  
Allan Carpenter Just ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
City Area ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Pm2.5 Exposure ◽  
Greater Mexico ◽  
Adjusted Logistic Regression

Exposure to PM2.5 has been associated with the prevalence of obesity. In the Greater Mexico City Area (GMCA), both are ranked among the highest in the world. Our aim was to analyze this association in children, adolescents, and adults in the GMCA. We used data from the 2006 and 2012 Mexican National Surveys of Health and Nutrition (ENSANUT). Participants’ past-year exposure to ambient PM2.5 was assessed using land use terms and satellite-derived aerosol optical depth estimates; weight and height were measured. We used survey-adjusted logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) of obesity (vs. normal-overweight) for every 10 µg/m3 increase in annual PM2.5 exposure for children, adolescents, and adults. Using a meta-analysis approach, we estimated the overall odds of obesity. We analyzed data representing 19.3 million and 20.9 million GMCA individuals from ENSANUT 2006 and 2012, respectively. The overall pooled estimate between PM2.5 exposure and obesity was OR = 1.96 (95% CI: 1.21, 3.18). For adolescents, a 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with an OR of 3.53 (95% CI: 1.45, 8.58) and 3.79 (95% CI: 1.40, 10.24) in 2006 and 2012, respectively. More studies such as this are recommended in Latin American cities with similar air pollution and obesity conditions.

On Green Packaging Design in Packaging Design

2014 ◽  
Vol 971-973 ◽  
pp. 2251-2254
Author(s):  
Yue Fei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Development Trend ◽  
Green Design ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Packaging Design ◽  
Green Packaging ◽  
Principles Of Design ◽  
The Development Trend

the green design appeared in the 1980 s, this paper mainly introduces the concept of green design, features, basic principles of design, and the method of green design and the development trend of green packaging in our country. From the perspective of protecting the environment and resources, I put forward the significance of developing green packaging design and point out how to develop and perfect the green packaging design in our country based on analysis.

scholarly journals Accounting for individual-specific variation in habitat-selection studies: Efficient estimation of mixed-effects models using Bayesian or frequentist computation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Muff ◽  
Johannes Signer ◽  
John Fieberg
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Random Coefficients ◽  
Efficient Estimation ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Environmental Covariates

Abstract1. Popular frameworks for studying habitat selection include resource-selection functions (RSFs) and step-selection functions (SSFs) estimated using logistic and conditional logistic regression, respectively. Both frameworks compare environmental covariates associated with locations animals visit with environmental covariates at a set of locations assumed available to the animal. Conceptually, random coefficients could be used to accommodate inter-individual heterogeneity with either approach, but straightforward and efficient one-step procedures for fitting SSFs with random coefficients are currently lacking.2. We take advantage of the fact that the conditional logistic regression model (i. e., the SSF) is likelihood-equivalent to a Poisson model with stratum-specific intercepts. By interpreting the intercepts as a random effect with a large (fixed) variance, inference becomes feasible with standard Bayesian techniques, but also with frequentist methods that allow one to fix the variance of a random effect. We compare this approach to other commonly applied alternatives, including random intercept-only models, and to a two-step algorithm for fitting mixed-effects models.3. We also reinforce the need to weight available points when fitting RSFs, since models fit using “infinitely weighted logistic regression” have been shown to be equivalent to an inhomogeneous Poisson process (IPP). We generalize this result to “infinitely weighted Poisson regression”, which converges to the same underlying IPP distribution.4. Using data from Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) and mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus), we illustrate that our models lead to valid and feasible inference. In addition, we conduct a simulation study to demonstrate the importance of including random slopes when estimating individual- and population-level habitat-selection parameters.5. By providing coded examples using integrated nested Laplace approximations (INLA) and Template Model Builder (TMB) for Bayesian and frequentist analysis via the R packages R-INLA and glmmTMB, we hope to make efficient estimation of RSFs and SSFs with random effects accessible to anyone in the field. SSFs with individual-specific coefficients are particularly attractive since they can provide insights into movement and habitat-selection processes at fine-spatial and temporal scales, but these models had previously been very challenging to fit.

scholarly journals Tool to assess appeal–aversion response to graphic warning labels on cigarette packs among US smokers

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D Stone ◽  
Claudiu V Dimofte ◽  
David R Strong ◽  
Adriana Villasenor ◽  
Kim Pulvers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Cigarette Price ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Packaging Design ◽  
Current Cigarette ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Graphic Warning ◽  
Cigarette Packs

IntroductionGraphic warning labels on cigarette packaging are mandated in 118 countries and are under consideration in the USA. We propose an appeal–aversion assessment tool to help regulators choose among graphic packaging options.MethodsAfter familiarisation with different cigarette packaging, adult daily smokers (n=338) from San Diego, California, USA completed a discrete choice appeal–aversion purchasing task and provided information on nicotine dependence and sociodemographics (2017–2019). The conjoint analysis estimated the importance and price utility for product attributes (ie, packaging, price, tobacco origin and quitline number). The price premiums that smokers would be willing to pay to avoid purchasing graphic packaging were calculated.ResultsAmong purchase determinants, the price was the most important attribute (65.5%), followed by packaging design (27.1%). Compared with blank packaging without marketing, branded industry packs had appeal valuations (US$0.54; 95% CI: US$0.44 to US$0.65), whereas graphic warning packs had aversion valuations that varied with the salience of the image (blindness=−US$2.53, 95% CI: −US$2.76 to −US$2.31; teeth damage=−US$2.90, 95% CI: −US$3.17 to −US$2.63; and gangrenous foot=−US$3.70, 95% CI: −US$4.01 to −US$3.39). The aversion was such that 46.2% of participants were willing to pay a 50+% premium over their current cigarette price to have their branded packs rather than a graphic pack. These appeal–aversion valuations were moderated by sex, income and nicotine dependence (p<0.05).ConclusionsSmokers indicated a willingness to pay substantial premiums to avoid purchasing graphic packaging. Results suggest that mandating graphic warnings on US cigarette packs would induce price aversion and may deter cigarette purchasing. Price valuations from this appeal–aversion tool could be useful for regulators to differentiate between graphic warning labels.

Live-attenuated Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine in Dengue-naïve Children, Adolescents, and Adults in Mexico City

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. e9-e17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Poo ◽  
Francisco Galan ◽  
Remi Forrat ◽  
Betzana Zambrano ◽  
Jean Lang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Dengue Vaccine ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

scholarly journals Smokers’ Perceptions of Cigarette Packaging With Audio Warning Messages: A Focus Group Study in Scotland

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 984-989
Author(s):  
Danielle Mitchell ◽  
Crawford Moodie ◽  
Linda Bauld
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Recent Trend ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Health Messages ◽  
Focus Group Study ◽  
Packaging Design ◽  
Audio Technology ◽  
Warning Messages ◽  
Ageing Skin ◽  
Cigarette Packs

Abstract Aims The use of audio pack cues or messages is a recent trend in packaging design. There is scope to use audio technology to communicate health and cessation messages via cigarette packaging. We explored how smokers responded to cigarette packs which played audio health messages. Methods Twenty focus groups were conducted in Scotland in 2015 with smokers (n = 120) segmented by age (16–17, 18–24, 25–35, 36–50, &gt;50), gender and social grade. Perceptions of cigarette packs which played audio warnings were explored, with four messages used: (1) a cessation message with a quitline number, (2) mortality message, (3) fertility message, and (4) message about ageing skin. Results Audio warnings were thought to increase message impact, particularly among younger smokers, as they would be hard to ignore or avoid, and repetition may lead to the messages being memorized. The warnings were considered annoying or embarrassing, and participants suggested they may discard the packs and use alternative storage. Some participants suggested that the audio warnings were off-putting and may alter their smoking behavior, with the mortality message deemed most effective and was considered relatable and felt personal. Older smokers were least likely to believe that audio warnings would affect their smoking behavior, although some thought that they may enhance cessation attempts among smokers seeking to quit, and could deter new or potential smokers, for example, young people. Conclusions Cigarette packs with audio messaging may have a role to play, now or in the future, as a novel way of communicating health and cessation information. Implications There is a lack of research exploring smokers’ perceptions of cigarette packs which play audio health messages. This focus group study provides an understanding of smokers’ immediate responses to cigarette packs which played a short health message when opened. Smokers generally viewed them as annoying or embarrassing, and some suggested the use of alternative storage. Audio warnings were thought to increase message salience, memorability, and impact, for younger smokers in particular, and some suggested that they be off-putting for themselves or others.

Clinical Success Using the Audio-Visual Feedback Training for Cluttering

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1589-1594
Author(s):  
Yvonne van Zaalen ◽  
Isabella Reichel
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Pause Duration ◽  
Digital Audio ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Feedback Training ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Speech Monitoring ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

Purpose Among the best strategies to address inadequate speech monitoring skills and other parameters of communication in people with cluttering (PWC) is the relatively new but very promising auditory–visual feedback (AVF) training ( van Zaalen & Reichel, 2015 ). This study examines the effects of AVF training on articulatory accuracy, pause duration, frequency, and type of disfluencies of PWC, as well as on the emotional and cognitive aspects that may be present in clients with this communication disorder ( Reichel, 2010 ; van Zaalen & Reichel, 2015 ). Methods In this study, 12 male adolescents and adults—6 with phonological and 6 with syntactic cluttering—were provided with weekly AVF training for 12 weeks, with a 3-month follow-up. Data was gathered on baseline (T0), Week 6 (T1), Week 12 (T2), and after follow-up (T3). Spontaneous speech was recorded and analyzed by using digital audio-recording and speech analysis software known as Praat ( Boersma & Weenink, 2017 ). Results The results of this study indicated that PWC demonstrated significant improvements in articulatory rate measurements and in pause duration following the AVF training. In addition, the PWC in the study reported positive effects on their ability to retell a story and to speak in more complete sentences. PWC felt better about formulating their ideas and were more satisfied with their interactions with people around them. Conclusions The AVF training was found to be an effective approach for improving monitoring skills of PWC with both quantitative and qualitative benefits in the behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and social domains of communication.

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