Paralytic shellfish poisoning and palytoxin poisoning in dogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 187 (7) ◽  
pp. e46-e46
Author(s):  
Nicola Bates ◽  
Cassandra Morrison ◽  
Leah Flaig ◽  
Andrew D Turner
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Increased Risk

BackgroundFatal cases of exposure to paralytic shellfish toxins and palytoxins have occurred in companion animals but are poorly described.MethodsWe describe one case of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and three cases of palytoxin poisoning in dogs.ResultsMild PSP occurred following ingestion of crab while walking on a beach. Analysis confirmed the presence of paralytic shellfish toxins, particularly decarbamoyl saxitoxin, in clinical samples and marine organisms. This case occurred shortly after an outbreak of PSP in dogs on the eastern coast of England. Palytoxin poisoning occurred in a dog after it chewed coral removed from an aquarium. Signs included collapse, hypothermia, bloody diarrhoea and respiratory distress. The dog was euthanised due to rapid deterioration and poor prognosis. Palytoxin was not detected in a premortem blood sample. Two other dogs in a separate incident developed only mild signs (fever and respiratory distress) after suspected exposure to aerosolised palytoxin and recovered within a few hours.ConclusionCases of PSP are episodic and not common in dogs. Cases of palytoxin exposure are reportedly increasing in humans, and there is presumably also an increased risk to pets. There is no specific treatment for PSP or palytoxin poisoning.

scholarly journals Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST)-Transforming Enzymes: A Review

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 344
Author(s):  
Mariana I. C. Raposo ◽  
Maria Teresa S. R. Gomes ◽  
Maria João Botelho ◽  
Alisa Rudnitskaya
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Voltage Gated Sodium Channels ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are a group of toxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning through blockage of voltage-gated sodium channels. PSTs are produced by prokaryotic freshwater cyanobacteria and eukaryotic marine dinoflagellates. Proliferation of toxic algae species can lead to harmful algal blooms, during which seafood accumulate high levels of PSTs, posing a health threat to consumers. The existence of PST-transforming enzymes was first remarked due to the divergence of PST profiles and concentrations between contaminated bivalves and toxigenic organisms. Later, several enzymes involved in PST transformation, synthesis and elimination have been identified. The knowledge of PST-transforming enzymes is necessary for understanding the processes of toxin accumulation and depuration in mollusk bivalves. Furthermore, PST-transforming enzymes facilitate the obtainment of pure analogues of toxins as in natural sources they are present in a mixture. Pure compounds are of interest for the development of drug candidates and as analytical reference materials. PST-transforming enzymes can also be employed for the development of analytical tools for toxin detection. This review summarizes the PST-transforming enzymes identified so far in living organisms from bacteria to humans, with special emphasis on bivalves, cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, and discusses enzymes’ biological functions and potential practical applications.

Multiplexed ELISA screening assay for nine paralytic shellfish toxins in human plasma

The Analyst ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 144 (15) ◽  
pp. 4702-4707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Padmanabhan Eangoor ◽  
Amruta Sanjay Indapurkar ◽  
Mani Deepika Vakkalanka ◽  
Jennifer Sporty Knaack
Keyword(s):  
Human Plasma ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Screening Assay ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish

Paralytic shellfish poisoning is a lethal syndrome that can develop in humans who consume shellfish contaminated with paralytic shellfish toxins. This rapid screening assay can be used to quickly diagnose exposure to paralytic shellfish toxins.

scholarly journals First Report of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Marine Invertebrates and Fish in Spain

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 723
Author(s):  
Begoña Ben-Gigirey ◽  
Araceli E. Rossignoli ◽  
Pilar Riobó ◽  
Francisco Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Harmful Algal Bloom ◽  
Trophic Chain ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Alexandrium Minutum ◽  
Marine Fauna ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
First Time

A paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) episode developed in summer 2018 in the Rías Baixas (Galicia, NW Spain). The outbreak was associated with an unprecedentedly intense and long-lasting harmful algal bloom (HAB) (~one month) caused by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) were analyzed in extracts of 45 A. minutum strains isolated from the bloom by high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column oxidation and fluorescence detection (HPLC-PCOX-FLD). PSTs were also evaluated in tissues from marine fauna (invertebrates and fish) collected during the episode and in dolphin samples. The analysis of 45 A. minutum strains revealed a toxic profile including GTX1, GTX2, GTX3 and GTX4 toxins. With regard to the marine fauna samples, the highest PSTs levels were quantified in bivalve mollusks, but the toxins were also found in mullets, mackerels, starfish, squids and ascidians. This study reveals the potential accumulation of PSTs in marine invertebrates other than shellfish that could act as vectors in the trophic chain or pose a risk for human consumption. To our knowledge, this is the first time that PSTs are reported in ascidians and starfish from Spain. Moreover, it is the first time that evidence of PSTs in squids is described in Europe.

scholarly journals Dose-Response Modelling of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Humans

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Arnich ◽  
Anne Thébault
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Marine Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Adverse Effect Level ◽  
Effect Level ◽  
Human Poisoning ◽  
Response Modelling

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is caused by a group of marine toxins with saxitoxin (STX) as the reference compound. Symptoms in humans after consumption of contaminated shellfish vary from slight neurological and gastrointestinal effects to fatal respiratory paralysis. A systematic review was conducted to identify reported cases of human poisoning associated with the ingestion of shellfish contaminated with paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). Raw data were collected from 143 exposed individuals (113 with symptoms, 30 without symptoms) from 13 studies. Exposure estimates were based on mouse bioassays except in one study. A significant relationship between exposure to PSTs and severity of symptoms was established by ordinal modelling. The critical minimal dose with a probability higher than 10% of showing symptoms is 0.37 µg STX eq./kg b.w. This means that 10% of the individuals exposed to this dose would have symptoms (without considering the severity of the symptoms). This dose is four-fold lower than the lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL) established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA, 2009) in the region of 1.5 μg STX eq./kg b.w. This work provides critical doses that could be used as point of departure to update the acute reference dose for STX. This is the first time a dose-symptoms model could be built for marine toxins using epidemiological data.

scholarly journals Accumulation and Elimination Dynamics of the Hydroxybenzoate Saxitoxin Analogues in Mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis Exposed to the Toxic Marine Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Reis Costa ◽  
Ana Braga ◽  
Andrew Turner
Keyword(s):  
Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Algae Blooms ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Food Borne Illness ◽  
Marine Dinoflagellates ◽  
Gymnodinium Catenatum

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a severe food-borne illness, caused by the ingestion of seafood containing paralytic shellfish toxins (PST), which are naturally produced by marine dinoflagellates and accumulate in shellfish during algae blooms. Novel PST, designated as hydroxybenzoate analogues (also known as GC toxins), was relatively recently discovered in Gymnodinium catenatum strains worldwide. However, to date, there have been no studies examining their accumulation in shellfish. In this study, mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were exposed to G. catenatum for five days and then exposed to a non-toxic diet for 24 h, to investigate the toxin’s accumulation/elimination dynamics. As determined by UHPLC-HILIC-MS/MS, the hydroxybenzoate analogues, GC1 to GC6, comprised 41% of the algae toxin profile and only 9% in mussels. Elimination of GC toxins after 24 h was not evident. This study highlights that a relevant fraction of PST in mussels are not routinely analysed in monitoring programs and that there is a need to better understand the toxicological potential of the hydroxybenzoate analogues, in order to properly address the risk of G. catenatum blooms.

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