scholarly journals Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST)-Transforming Enzymes: A Review

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 344
Author(s):  
Mariana I. C. Raposo ◽  
Maria Teresa S. R. Gomes ◽  
Maria João Botelho ◽  
Alisa Rudnitskaya
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Voltage Gated Sodium Channels ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are a group of toxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning through blockage of voltage-gated sodium channels. PSTs are produced by prokaryotic freshwater cyanobacteria and eukaryotic marine dinoflagellates. Proliferation of toxic algae species can lead to harmful algal blooms, during which seafood accumulate high levels of PSTs, posing a health threat to consumers. The existence of PST-transforming enzymes was first remarked due to the divergence of PST profiles and concentrations between contaminated bivalves and toxigenic organisms. Later, several enzymes involved in PST transformation, synthesis and elimination have been identified. The knowledge of PST-transforming enzymes is necessary for understanding the processes of toxin accumulation and depuration in mollusk bivalves. Furthermore, PST-transforming enzymes facilitate the obtainment of pure analogues of toxins as in natural sources they are present in a mixture. Pure compounds are of interest for the development of drug candidates and as analytical reference materials. PST-transforming enzymes can also be employed for the development of analytical tools for toxin detection. This review summarizes the PST-transforming enzymes identified so far in living organisms from bacteria to humans, with special emphasis on bivalves, cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, and discusses enzymes’ biological functions and potential practical applications.

scholarly journals Saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin bioavailability increases in future oceans

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.C. Roggatz ◽  
N. Fletcher ◽  
D.M. Benoit ◽  
A.C. Algar ◽  
A. Doroff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Ecosystem Stability ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Ph Increase

Increasing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide are largely absorbed by the world’s oceans, decreasing surface water pH1. In combination with increasing ocean temperatures, these changes have been identified as a major sustainability threat to future marine life2. Interactions between marine organisms are known to depend on biomolecules, but the influence of oceanic pH on their bioavailability and functionality remains unexplored. Here we show that global change significantly impacts two ecological keystone molecules3 in the ocean, the paralytic toxins saxitoxin (STX) and tetrodotoxin (TTX). Increasing temperatures and declining pH increase the abundance of the toxic forms of these two neurotoxins in the water. Our geospatial global model highlights where this increased toxicity could intensify the devastating impact of harmful algal blooms on ecosystems in the future, for example through an increased incidence of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). We also use these results to calculate future saxitoxin toxicity levels in Alaskan clams, Saxidomus gigantea, showing critical exceedance of limits save for consumption. Our findings for TTX and STX exemplarily highlight potential consequences of changing pH and temperature on chemicals dissolved in the sea. This reveals major implications not only for ecotoxicology, but also for chemical signals mediating species interactions such as foraging, reproduction, or predation in the ocean with unexplored consequences for ecosystem stability and ecosystem services.

scholarly journals Planktonic algal blooms from 2000 to 2015 in Acapulco Bay, Guerrero, Mexico

2018 ◽  
pp. 61-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Esther A. Meave del Castillo ◽  
María Eugenia Zamudio Resendiz
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Using Data

Background and Aims: Harmful algal blooms (HABs) affect the marine ecosystem in multiple ways. The objective was to document the species that produced blooms in Acapulco Bay over a 15-year period (2000-2015) and analyze the presence of these events with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).Methods: Thirty-five collections, made during the years 2000, 2002-2004, 2006-2011, 2013-2015, were undertaken with phytoplankton nets and Van Dorn bottle, yielding 526 samples, of which 423 were quantified using the Utermöhl method. The relationship of HAB with ENSO was made with standardized values of Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) and the significance was evaluated with the method quadrant sums of Olmstead-Tukey.Key results: Using data of cell density and high relative abundance (>60%), 53 blooms were recorded, most of them occurring during the rainy season (June-October) and dry-cold season (November-March), plus 37 blooms reported by other authors. These 90 blooms were composed of 40 taxa: 21 diatoms and 19 dinoflagellates, the former mostly innocuous. Sixty-seven blooms had species reported as noxious, of which 11 species commonly produce toxic HAB. Toxic taxa are Pseudo-nitzschia spp. (four taxa), and seven dinoflagellates.Conclusions: Abundance analyses of Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum and Gymnodinium catenatum against values of MEI showed a clear tendency to produce HAB in La Niña conditions. Both taxa, producers of saxitoxins, cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and coexist in Acapulco; therefore, they present a risk to human health. Another noxious 52 taxa found in Acapulco were currently considered potential HABs, because they have been recorded at low densities. Given the sharp differences in density values of bloom-forming species found in this work compared to those reported by other authors on similar dates, it is important to perform calibration tests to rule out possible errors in cell counts.

scholarly journals Algal blooms of Alexandrium spp. and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning toxicity events in mussels farmed in Sicily

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Costa ◽  
Vincenzina Alio ◽  
Sonia Sciortino ◽  
Luisa Nicastro ◽  
Monica Cangini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Alexandrium Minutum ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Production Area

Marine biotoxins can accumulate in filter-feeders bivalve molluscs, that may represent a source of potential health problems being vectors of toxins, that are transferred to humans through their consumption. Harmful Algal Blooms impact on aquaculture may give also economic losses due to temporary closures of contaminated shellfish harvest and marketing. The presence of toxic algae for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP), with recurrent toxic blooms of dinoflagellates, such as several Alexandrium species, been known since 2000 in the waters of an Ionian bay of Sicily, the Syracuse harbour, where shellfish farms are located. Our previous works reported in this area the positivity for PSP toxin in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) with saxitoxin concentrations above the limit of the law and the simultaneous presence of toxic species of the genus Alexandrium in the waters. This work reports new recent episodes of algal blooms of Alexandrium minutum in the waters of the Syracuse harbour and PSP toxin contamination in farmed mussels, with values beyond the limits established by law, with the consequent immediate closure of the production area. PSP toxicity was detected with the MBA (Mouse Bioassay) with the confirm carried out with Lawrence method to quantify the total saxitoxin equivalents and characterize the toxic profile. Regular application of the implemented health plan is very important in order to prevent any risk and protect consumer health.

Multiplexed ELISA screening assay for nine paralytic shellfish toxins in human plasma

The Analyst ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 144 (15) ◽  
pp. 4702-4707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Padmanabhan Eangoor ◽  
Amruta Sanjay Indapurkar ◽  
Mani Deepika Vakkalanka ◽  
Jennifer Sporty Knaack
Keyword(s):  
Human Plasma ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Screening Assay ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish

Paralytic shellfish poisoning is a lethal syndrome that can develop in humans who consume shellfish contaminated with paralytic shellfish toxins. This rapid screening assay can be used to quickly diagnose exposure to paralytic shellfish toxins.

Paralytic shellfish poisoning and palytoxin poisoning in dogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 187 (7) ◽  
pp. e46-e46
Author(s):  
Nicola Bates ◽  
Cassandra Morrison ◽  
Leah Flaig ◽  
Andrew D Turner
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Increased Risk

BackgroundFatal cases of exposure to paralytic shellfish toxins and palytoxins have occurred in companion animals but are poorly described.MethodsWe describe one case of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and three cases of palytoxin poisoning in dogs.ResultsMild PSP occurred following ingestion of crab while walking on a beach. Analysis confirmed the presence of paralytic shellfish toxins, particularly decarbamoyl saxitoxin, in clinical samples and marine organisms. This case occurred shortly after an outbreak of PSP in dogs on the eastern coast of England. Palytoxin poisoning occurred in a dog after it chewed coral removed from an aquarium. Signs included collapse, hypothermia, bloody diarrhoea and respiratory distress. The dog was euthanised due to rapid deterioration and poor prognosis. Palytoxin was not detected in a premortem blood sample. Two other dogs in a separate incident developed only mild signs (fever and respiratory distress) after suspected exposure to aerosolised palytoxin and recovered within a few hours.ConclusionCases of PSP are episodic and not common in dogs. Cases of palytoxin exposure are reportedly increasing in humans, and there is presumably also an increased risk to pets. There is no specific treatment for PSP or palytoxin poisoning.

scholarly journals Predator lipids induce paralytic shellfish toxins in bloom-forming algae

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (20) ◽  
pp. 6395-6400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Selander ◽  
Julia Kubanek ◽  
Mats Hamberg ◽  
Mats X. Andersson ◽  
Gunnar Cervin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Alexandrium Minutum ◽  
Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Species Specific

Interactions among microscopic planktonic organisms underpin the functioning of open ocean ecosystems. With few exceptions, these organisms lack advanced eyes and thus rely largely on chemical sensing to perceive their surroundings. However, few of the signaling molecules involved in interactions among marine plankton have been identified. We report a group of eight small molecules released by copepods, the most abundant zooplankton in the sea, which play a central role in food webs and biogeochemical cycles. The compounds, named copepodamides, are polar lipids connecting taurine via an amide to isoprenoid fatty acid conjugate of varying composition. The bloom-forming dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum responds to pico- to nanomolar concentrations of copepodamides with up to a 20-fold increase in production of paralytic shellfish toxins. Different copepod species exude distinct copepodamide blends that contribute to the species-specific defensive responses observed in phytoplankton. The signaling system described here has far reaching implications for marine ecosystems by redirecting grazing pressure and facilitating the formation of large scale harmful algal blooms.

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