Studies in the Alismataceae. XII. Floral organogenesis in Damasonium alisma and Baldellia ranunculoides, and comparisons with Butomus umbellatus

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 528-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
W A Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Fundamental Feature ◽  
Floral Organogenesis ◽  
General Plan ◽  
Stamen Pairs

Floral organogenesis of Damasonium alisma Mill. occurs at first in an alternating trimerous pattern typical of Alismataceae, with the formation of three sepals, then three bulges, corresponding to the CA (common perianth–androecium) primordia described in some other Alismataceae, alternating with the sepals. A petal is initiated on each bulge, and a pair of stamens is initiated either on or close to it. Three carpels are initiated in positions alternating with the petals and stamen pairs, and three further carpels then arise above and between the first three. At maturity and in fruit the carpels lie in a whorled arrangement. Floral development in Baldellia ranunculoides (L.) Parl. is identical up to the initiation of the six stamens. After this, six carpel primordia are formed alternating with the stamens, and further carpel primordia arise alternating with those previously formed. In Butomus, up to the initiation of the first six stamens, the general plan of development resembles that of the two Alismataceae. Three further whorls of organs arise in alternation: a whorl of three stamens arises over the stamen pairs followed by two whorls each of three carpel primordia. It is argued that the trimerous appearance of the whorl of sepals (or outer perianth in Butomus) arises de novo and represents a genuine expression of trimery. However, most of the subsequent features of development in these flowers can be seen as arising from phyllotactic mechanisms that cause new primordia to arise between and above pre-existing ones. Consequently the appearance of trimerous or hexamerous whorls above the first whorl of perianth does not represent a fundamental feature of development. The nature of variations in the positional relationships of inner perianth, stamen, and carpel primordia in various Alismataceae and Butomus strengthen the case that there is a significant developmental association between inner perianth members and associated pairs of stamens, which may be connected with the evolution of the flowers from pseudanthial structures.Key words: Baldellia, Butomus, Damasonium, Alismatidae, flower, organogenesis.

scholarly journals BeMADS1 is a key to delivery MADSs into nucleus in reproductive tissues-De novo characterization of Bambusa edulis transcriptome and study of MADS genes in bamboo floral development

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Che Shih ◽  
Ming-Lun Chou ◽  
Jin-Jun Yue ◽  
Cheng-Tran Hsu ◽  
Wan-Jung Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Reproductive Tissues

Floral organogenesis of Limnocharis flava

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 1076-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sattler ◽  
V. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Floral Organogenesis ◽  
Stamen Primordia ◽  
Mature Flower ◽  
Stamen Pairs ◽  
Primary Pattern

Besides a trimerous calyx and corolla, the mature flower exhibits a polyandric androecium and an apocarpous gynoecium consisting of a whorl of carpels. Yet the primary pattern of the flower is completely trimerous and tetracyclic. After the inception of three sepals and three petals, three antesepalous primary androecial primordia are initiated each of which forms three stamens (i.e. secondary androecial primordia). Opposite these three groups of three stamen primordia, three groups of three carpels are initiated, possibly on three extremely inconspicuous primary gynoecial primordia. Additional carpel primordia are formed in varying numbers between the original three groups. Even before carpel inception, the three primary androecial primordia merge laterally thus forming an androecial ring. Additional stamen primordia arise on this ring first between the three groups of three stamen primordia and then in centrifugal direction as the androecial ring broadens basally. Eventually four whorls of stamens and two to three whorls of staminodia are formed secondarily on the androecial ring which arose from the primary primordia. Morphogenesis and construction of the flowers of Limnocharis flava differs in two major respects from those of all other taxa of the Alismatales studied thus far: (1) there are no stamen pairs primarily associated with the petals, and (2) the first-formed carpel primordia do not alternate with the stamen primordia of the preceding whorl, thus violating Hofmeister's rule of alternation.

scholarly journals Floral organogenesis in Urophysa rockii, a rediscovered endangered and rare species of Ranunculaceae

Botany ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Zhao ◽  
Jing-zhi Gong ◽  
Xiao-hui Zhang ◽  
You-quan Liu ◽  
Xiao Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Floral Organogenesis ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Mature Ovule ◽  
Floral Phyllotaxis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Early Developmental

Urophysa is an Asian endemic genus in the Ranunculaceae, but data on floral organogenesis, which would be a useful complement to molecular data in clarifying the relationship with closely related taxa (Aquilegia and Semiaquilegia) in Ranunculaceae, are completely lacking. We used scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy to study the floral development of Urophysa rockii Ulbrich, a recently rediscovered species in this genus. The sepals are initiated spirally, whereas other organs are nonsimultaneously whorled; the floral phyllotaxis is whorled. Primordia of the sepals are lunular and truncate, but those of the petals and stamens are hemispherical and rounded. After sepal initiation, there is a delay in development, but the initiation of petals and stamens is continuous. The developmental sequence of the microspores in the stamens is centrifugal, although the stamens are initiated centripetally. The early developmental stages of the staminodes are similar to those of the stamens, although much smaller, so they may be phylogenetically homologous organs. The carpel primordia are lunular in shape and plicate. The mature ovule is anatropous and bitegmic. Urophysa shows similar floral development features as Aquilegia and Semiaquilegia, although with some differences, which supports the relationship inferred by DNA sequence data.

scholarly journals De novo sequencing of Eucommia ulmoides flower bud transcriptomes for identification of genes related to floral development

Genomics Data ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huimin Liu ◽  
JianMin Fu ◽  
Hongyan Du ◽  
Jingjing Hu ◽  
Tana Wuyun
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
De Novo ◽  
De Novo Sequencing ◽  
Eucommia Ulmoides ◽  
Flower Bud

scholarly journals Effects of Day Length and Light Intensity on Growth of Barley IV. Genetically Controlled Variation in Response to Photoperiod

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Aspinall
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Floral Organogenesis ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Wide Range

Apical growth, floral development, stem elongation, tillering, and dry weight at ear emergence were compared for 10 varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) growing in a range of photoperiods. All the varieties could be described as quanti. tative long. day plants but there was a wide range of response to the photoperiod. In all the varieties and over all photoperiods, apical primordium production was linked with floral organogenesis, suggesting a common mechanism of photoperiodic influence on the two proce~es. The control of internode elongation, however, varied between different varieties, commencing at a much earlier stage of floral organogenesis in some varieties than in others. Tillering appeared to be controlled more by the amount of energy available for photosynthesis than by any photoperiodic process, and this was also an important factor in shoot dry weight at ear emergence.

scholarly journals Floral organogenesis of Prunus laurocerasus and P. serotina and its significance for the systematics of the genus and androecium diversity in Rosaceae

Botany ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Wang ◽  
Jing-zhi Gong ◽  
Qiu-jie Li ◽  
Jun-ru Wang ◽  
Yue-ping Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Outer Integument ◽  
Flower Structure ◽  
Floral Organogenesis ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Systematic Relationships ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Floral Bud ◽  
Prunus Laurocerasus

Phylogenetic studies have shown that most clades in Prunus are well-supported by the flower structure, but most taxa in the racemose group have not yet been re-evaluated and could contribute to the understanding of the systematic relationships of the subgenera. We examined the inflorescence and flower development in Prunus laurocerasus L. (subgenus Laurocerasus) and P. serotina Ehrh. (subgenus Padus I) using scanning electron microscopy. Our results indicate that they share several floral development characters but differ in the following aspects: (i) all of their flowers are fully developed and each flower is enclosed by a bract and two bracteoles, which later stop development (vs. the terminal flower degenerates and only a single bract subtends each flower); (ii) the style protrudes from the floral bud (vs. the style is crooked and below the anthers); (iii) the outer integument initiates close to the inner one (vs. in the middle of the ovule); and (iv) an obturator appears after initiation of the two integuments (vs. simultaneously with the inner integument). Although our results are preliminary, differences in floral developmental characters support the different origins of Prunus subgenera Laurocerasus and Padus as based on molecular phylogenetic studies.

Unicarpellate floral development in Potamogeton zosteriformis

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Posluszny
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Central Portion ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Stamen Pairs

Floral development in the species Potamogeton zosteriformis is compared with that of other species of Potamogeton previously investigated (P. densus and P. richardsonii). A spike inflorescence is found on which 6 to 20 flowers develop. These flowers develop their appendages acropetally; first, the four tepals are initiated followed by the four stamens opposite the tepals. As in the flower of P. densus, the two lateral stamens are each initiated as two separate primordia. Unlike any other Potamogeton species where four carpels generally arise, alternating with the tepal and stamen pairs, in P. zosteriformis a single carpel consistently develops on the central portion of the remaining floral meristem. Histological preparations did not reveal any vestigial procambial strands differentiating in the gynoecium. This unique floral development is examined from several points of view. Morphogenetic comparisons are made with other species of Potamogeton which develop tetramerous gynoecia. Morphologically the nature of the Potamogeton flower is reexamined and phylogenetically the possibility of P. zosteriformis as a link or transition between the bisexual and unisexual groups within the Najadales is considered.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Putative Target Genes of APETALA3-3 During Early Floral Development in Nigella damascena L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Deveaux ◽  
Natalia Conde e Silva ◽  
Domenica Manicacci ◽  
Martine Le Guilloux ◽  
Véronique Brunaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Putative Target ◽  
Petal Identity ◽  
Conserved Genes ◽  
Nigella Damascena

Even though petals are homoplastic structures, their identity consistently involves genes of the APETALA3 (AP3) lineage. However, the extent to which the networks downstream of AP3 are conserved in species with petals of different evolutionary origins is unknown. In Ranunculaceae, the specificity of the AP3-III lineage offers a great opportunity to identify the petal gene regulatory network in a comparative framework. Using a transcriptomic approach, we investigated putative target genes of the AP3-III ortholog NdAP3-3 in Nigella damascena at early developmental stages when petal identity is determined, and we compared our data with that from selected eudicot species. We generated a de novo reference transcriptome to carry out a differential gene expression analysis between the wild-type and mutant NdAP3-3 genotypes differing by the presence vs. absence of petals at early stages of floral development. Among the 1,620 genes that were significantly differentially expressed between the two genotypes, functional annotation suggested a large involvement of nuclear activities, including regulation of transcription, and enrichment in processes linked to cell proliferation. Comparing with Arabidopsis data, we found that highly conserved genes between the two species are enriched in homologs of direct targets of the AtAP3 protein. Integrating AP3-3 binding site data from another Ranunculaceae species, Aquilegia coerulea, allowed us to identify a set of 18 putative target genes that were conserved between the three species. Our results suggest that, despite the independent evolutionary origin of petals in core eudicots and Ranunculaceae, a small conserved set of genes determines petal identity and early development in these taxa.

Studies in the Alismataceae. X. Floral organogenesis in Luronium natans (L.) Raf.

2000 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 1560-1568
Author(s):  
W A Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Floral Organ ◽  
Floral Organogenesis ◽  
Stamen Primordia ◽  
Floral Apex ◽  
Stamen Pairs

Floral organogenesis of Luronium natans (L.) Raf. occurs at first in an alternating trimerous pattern typical of Alismataceae, with the formation of three sepals, then three bulges, corresponding to the petal-stamen primordia described in some other Alismataceae, alternating with the sepals. A petal is initiated on each bulge and a pair of stamens is initiated either on it or close to it. After this, development no longer follows a trimerous plan. Six carpels are initiated in positions alternating with the six stamens, and further carpels may then arise above and between the first six. The carpels ultimately lie in a whorled arrangement if there are only six; if more, they may appear whorled or irregularly arranged. After the initiation of the stamen pairs, floral organ primordia appear simply to be positioned between pre-existing primordia as in other phyllotactic systems. It is suggested that the number of carpel primordia formed is probably determined by the size of primordia relative to the floral apex, and the extent of continued growth of the floral apex. Luronium reinforces the concept that a form of trimery is fundamental for the Alismataceae up to the formation of three stamen pairs and adds to the possibilities for variation after this point. It is suggested for the Alismataceae in general that, according to taxon, trimerous development may be terminated at any point after the initiation of the stamen pairs, and after this the primordia are positioned individually in relation to pre-existing primordia. The switch from stamen to carpel initiation is not necessarily correlated with these phyllotactic changes.

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