STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: VII. RASPBERRY VEIN CHLOROSIS

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stace-Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Fragaria Vesca ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Virus Source ◽  
Characteristic Symptom

A virus disease occurring in the Lloyd George variety of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) in British Columbia has been identified as raspberry vein chlorosis, a disease previously reported from Scotland. The virus was transmitted to the Lloyd George and Washington varieties of red raspberry, loganberry (R. loganobaccus Bailey), and the Alpine strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) by the aphid Aphis idaei V.d.G. In each of these hosts, the characteristic symptom was a net-like chlorosis of the tissue bordering the smaller veins of the leaf. The large raspberry aphid, Amphorophora rubi (Kalt.), was not a vector. Experiments using A. idaei showed that most individuals require more than 1 day on the virus source to become viruliferous. The length of time that aphids remained viruliferous depended upon the conditions of the test; viruliferous aphids feeding upon healthy raspberry plants lost the ability to transmit the virus within a day, while those feeding upon strawberry, or held in a Petri dish without food, retained the virus longer than 1 day.

STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: I. RUBUS YELLOW-NET

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Stace-Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
North American ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Characteristic Symptom ◽  
Leaf Veins ◽  
American Black

A virus disease occurring on Himalaya blackberry (Rubus procerus P. J. Muell.) was transmitted to Washington red raspberry (R. strigosus Michx.), tropical black raspberry (R. albescens Roxb.), and North American black raspberry (R. occidentalis L.). A net-like chlorosis of the tissue bordering the smaller leaf veins is the characteristic symptom, consequently the name "Rubus yellow-net" is proposed for the virus and disease. The virus is transmitted by the raspberry aphid Amphorophora rubi Kalt. It may be acquired by the aphid after a one-hour feeding and usually persists in the vector less than four hours.

STUDIES OF VIRUS DISEASES OF STRAWBERRIES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: I. THE REACTION OF THE BRITISH SOVEREIGN VARIETY AND THE INDICATOR FRAGARIA VESCA TO YELLOWS

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randal E. Fitzpatrick ◽  
Frances C. Mellor
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Fragaria Vesca ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Experimental Inoculation

British Sovereign, the commercial strawberry variety of British Columbia, has shown no field evidence of degeneration from the virus disease, yellows, that is attacking the Marshall variety in the Pacific Northwest. However, experimental inoculation of British Sovereign by stolon grafting to a yellows-infected Marshall plant proved the British Sovereign to be susceptible to yellows. As with the Marshall, infected plants were reduced in size and the foliage tended to flatten towards the grounds but, unlike the Marshall, there was no pronounced yellowing. When Fragaria vesca was grafted to a yellows-infected Marshall plant the reaction was rapid and severe. The older leaves flattened to the ground, the young runner tips hooked back, the newly developing leaves, though relatively well proportioned, were minute and yellow at the margins, and the plants eventually died.

STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: VIII. RASPBERRY LEAF CURL

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 651-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stace-Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Access Time ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Indicator Plants ◽  
Leaf Curl Virus ◽  
Leaf Curl

A virus disease that occurs on red raspberry in the Okanagan Valley in British Columbia was identified as raspberry leaf curl. Under experimental conditions the virus was transmitted by the aphid Aphis idaci V. d.G. Test plants included red raspberry, Rubus idaeus L.; black raspberry, Rubus occidentalis L.; wineberry, Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim.; Rubus henryi Hemsl. & Kuntse; and the Alpine strawberry, Fragaria vesca L. The virus did not infect black raspberry and caused only transitory symptoms on Alpine strawberry. Root cuttings of red raspberry, leaf-bud cuttings of R. henryi, and seedlings of wineberry provided satisfactory indicator plants. Wineberry and R. henryi were more readily inoculated by aphids than red raspberry. Non-viruliferous aphids required a feed of at least 1 day on the virus source to acquire an infective charge. When viruliferous aphids were transferred to a series of healthy indicator plants, some plants became infected after a test access time of 20 minutes, although transmissions were increased if the time was increased to 1 hour. The virus was found to persist in viruliferous aphids for at least 11 days. Leaf curl virus was not eliminated from infected plants held at an air temperature of 37 °C for periods up to 4 weeks.

STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: IX. RINGSPOT DISEASE OF RED RASPBERRY

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 905-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stace-Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Cross Protection ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Tomato Ringspot Virus ◽  
First Time

A virus disease of red raspberry that has been known in Oregon and Washington for several years was observed for the first time in British Columbia in 1961. The disease is characterized by chlorotic blotches, ringspot, or oak leaf markings, or a net-like chlorosis along the smaller veins of the leaves on the young canes. The virus nature of the disease was demonstrated by mechanical transmission from raspberry leaves to herbaceous plants. From physical properties and symptoms on a range of herbaceous hosts and peach seedlings, the virus was considered to be related to tomato ringspot virus. This relationship was confirmed by comparative host reactions and cross protection studies with known strains of tomato ringspot virus.

STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: II. BLACK RASPBERRY NECROSIS

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Stace-Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Latent Virus ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Black Raspberries ◽  
Rubus Occidentalis

Raspberry indexing in British Columbia demonstrated that several varieties are carrying a latent virus that induces mild symptons in other red raspberry varieties and severe symptoms on black raspberries (Rubus occidentalis L.). The name black raspberry necrosis is proposed for the disease and virus. The virus is transmitted by the aphid Amphorophora rubi Kalt. It may be acquired by the aphid after a half-hour feeding and transmitted with a two-minute transfer feeding. Most aphids lose their ability to transmit the virus within one and a half hours after leaving the source of inoculum.

scholarly journals Effect of Raspberry bushy dwarf virus, Raspberry leaf mottle virus, and Raspberry latent virus on Plant Growth and Fruit Crumbliness in ‘Meeker’ Red Raspberry

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego F. Quito-Avila ◽  
Danielle Lightle ◽  
Robert R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Latent Virus ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Raspberry Bushy Dwarf Virus

Raspberry crumbly fruit in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus), widespread in the Pacific Northwest of the United States and British Columbia, Canada, is most commonly caused by a virus infection. Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) has long been attributed as the causal agent of the disease. Recently, the identification of two additional viruses, Raspberry leaf mottle virus (RLMV) and Raspberry latent virus (RpLV), in northern Washington and British Columbia, suggested the existence of a possible new virus complex responsible for the increased severity of the disease. Virus testing of crumbly fruited plants from five fields in northern Washington revealed the presence of RLMV and RpLV, in addition to RBDV. Plants with less severe crumbly fruit symptoms had a much lower incidence of RLMV or RpLV. Field trials using replicated plots of ‘Meeker’ plants containing single and mixed infections of RBDV, RLMV, or RpLV, along with a virus-free control, were developed to determine the role of RLMV and RpLV in crumbly fruit. Field evaluations during establishment and two fruiting years revealed that plants infected with the three viruses or the combinations RBDV+RLMV and RBDV+RpLV had the greatest reduction in cane growth, or fruit firmness and fruit weight, respectively. Quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that the titer of RBDV was increased ~400-fold when it occurred in mixed infections with RLMV compared to RBDV in single infections. In addition, a virus survey revealed that RLMV and RpLV are present at high incidence in northern Washington; whereas the incidence in southern Washington and Oregon, where crumbly fruit is not as serious a problem, was considerably lower.

STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: V. THIMBLEBERRY RING SPOT

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stace-Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Ring Spot

A ring spot mottling that occurs on the wild thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus Nutt.) in British Columbia was proved to be caused by a virus. The virus was transmitted to thimbleberry, black raspberry (R. occidentalis L.), red raspberry (R. strigosus Michx.), and R. henryi Hemsl. & Kuntse. Three species of aphids belonging to the genus Amphorophora transmitted the virus, but the large raspberry aphid (A. rubi Kalt.) was not a vector. The name "thimbleberry ring spot" is proposed for the virus and the disease.

scholarly journals Biotypic Diversity and Resistance to the Raspberry Aphid Amphorophora agathonica in Pacific Northwestern North America

2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (6) ◽  
pp. 445-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dossett ◽  
Chaim Kempler
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Production Region ◽  
Northwestern North America ◽  
Amphorophora Agathonica

Resistance to colonization by the raspberry aphid (Amphorophora agathonica Hottes) has been an important objective in North American red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) breeding programs since the 1930s because of its effectiveness in controlling the spread of aphid-transmitted viruses in red raspberry. The most widely used source of resistance in North America has been the gene Ag1 from ‘Lloyd George’. The widespread use of Ag1 to control aphids led to the appearance of a resistance-breaking biotype in British Columbia, Canada, in 1990. Our objective was to identify biotypes of A. agathonica present in the commercial red raspberry production region of southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington and determine what sources of resistance may still be effective against this pest. We collected 12 aphid isolates and screened them against 15 raspberry cultivars and four selections. Although it has been widely believed that only two biotypes (regular and Ag1-breaking) of A. agathonica were present in the region, we identified six distinct biotypes and characterized them by their ability or inability to colonize a differential set of raspberry cultivars. This has confirmed the loss of previously recognized and unrecognized sources of resistance in some cultivars. The data also support the presence of a seventh biotype that has not yet been observed. In addition, we confirmed resistance from three sources of wild North American red raspberries that hold up to each of these biotypes. Our results will serve as a guide for future efforts to characterize the prevalence of different aphid biotypes in the region and the identification of new sources of resistance for breeding.

STUDIES OF VIRUS DISEASES OF STRAWBERRIES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: II THE SEPARATION OF THE COMPONENT VIRUSES OF YELLOWS

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances C. Mellor ◽  
Randal E. Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fragaria Vesca ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Green House ◽  
Principal Effect ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Leaf Distortion ◽  
Yellow Mottling

Progressive transfers of Capitophorus fragaefolii Ckll. from yellows-infected Marshall plants through a succession of Fragaria vesca L. plants resulted in the separation of at least two component viruses. One was of the nonpersistent type; it caused reduction in leaf size, mottle, crinkle, and leaf distortion, but the severity and dominance of these symptoms varied so widely that it is assumed that this component itself is a complex of viruses or strains. The other was of the persistent type; its principal effect was to reduce the vigor of the plant although there was some cupping of the leaves, and in the fall, under green-house conditions, a transitory yellow mottling of the tips and margins of some of the younger leaves.

STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: IV. TRANSMISSION OF RASPBERRY MOSAIC VIRUSES TO FRAGARIA VESCA L.

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stace-Smith ◽  
Frances C. Mellor
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Fragaria Vesca ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Grafting Technique ◽  
Two Component

By means of the leaf-grafting technique, attempts were made to transmit the two component viruses of raspberry mosaic, rubus yellow-net, and black raspberry necrosis, separately and in combination, to three strains of Fragaria vesca L. Only the rubus yellow-net virus was transmitted to the strawberry and it induced severe symptoms. Neither the raspberry aphid, Amphorophora rubi Kalt., nor the strawberry aphid, Pentatrichopus fragaefolii (Ckll.), transmitted the yellow-net virus from raspberry to strawberry, although A. rubi was able to transmit the virus from strawberry back to raspberry.

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