Radial fissures in the early wood of conifers

1954 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
GL Amos
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Cellular Tissue ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

In certain conifers anatomical evidence suggests that young trees may become exposed to conditions conducive to collapse during late wood formation, causing partial collapse and radial cleavages in the early wood. Living ray cells are exposed to the cavity after cleavage. Different species show different responses conditioned by the anatomy and physiology of the ray parenchyma. The cavities fill with cellular tissue in radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don), with resin in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga tarcifolia (Poir.) Britt.), and remain empty in white spruce (Picea glauoa (Moench) Voss). Evidence is presented to show that when a living protoplast is given free access to moist air, a powerful growth stimulus is applied to the cell. In radiata pine, ray parenchyma cells have primary walls only, and the response is a proliferation of these cells. In Douglas fir and white spruce, the ray parenchyma has secondary thickening and small ray tracheid pitting, precluding growth. The response is an increased metabolic rate, producing resin in Douglas fir (heartwood-forming species) and without solid end-products in white spruce (species with little contrast between sapwood and heartwood).

RAY CONTACTS AND RATE OF ANTICLINAL DIVISION IN FUSIFORM CAMBIAL CELLS OF SOME PINACEAE

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 487-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Multiplication ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Resin Canals

The frequency of pseudotransverse divisions involved in cambial cell multiplication was found to be slightly higher in fusiform initials bordering on fusiform rays than in other cambial cells. The extent of difference was greater in Pinus than in Pseudotsuga or Picea. Because of the larger size of fusiform rays as compared to uniseriate rays, cambial cells adjoining the former were in contact with more ray cells per millimeter of cell length than cambial cells touching only uniseriate rays. As with the frequency of pseudotransverse division, the margin of difference in extent of ray contact was greater in Pinus than in Pseudotsuga or Picea. The evidence therefore indicates that the higher rate of pseudotransverse division in cambial cells adjoining fusiform rays was correlated with the greater area of ray contact, or more specifically, the increased contact with ray parenchyma cells. The higher rate of anticlinal division was apparently the consequence of an increase in ratio of survival of daughter initials arising in pseudotransverse division, some of the smaller newly formed initials persisting in contrast to the usual failure of similar initials situated elsewhere in the cambium. Mean height of uniseriate rays tended to increase with widening of the annual rings, but the size of fusiform rays was influenced to a much smaller degree. The frequency of fusiform rays, and horizontal resin canals, showed no consistent relationship with growth rate, but appeared to be determined by intrinsic factors.

Traumatic Gum-Resin Cavities in the Stem of Ailanthus Excelsa Roxb.

IAWA Journal ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Babu ◽  
G.M. Nair ◽  
J.J. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Ailanthus Excelsa ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Ethephon Treatment ◽  
Xylem Elements ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Traumatic gum-resin cavities develop in the secondary xylem of the stem of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. in response to fungal infection and ethephon treatment. After infection or ethephon treatment, traumatic parenchyma in several cell layers develops instead of normal secondary xylem elements. It consists of unlignified axial and ray parenchyma cells. Vessels and fibres are absent. Gum-resin cavities in one or two tangential rows develop in this tissue by the lysis of its axial parenchyma cells. The cavities are bordered by an epithelium. A few layers of traumatic parenchyma cells adjacent to the epithelial cens become meristematic and appear cambiform. The epithelial cells undergo lysis and they evidently contribute to gum-resin formation. As the lysis of epithelial cens proceeds, the adjacent cambiform cens divide to form additional epithelial cells. The process continues for some time and eventually an the axial cells of the traumatic parenchyma break down forming a tangentially anastomosing network of cavities. The cavities do not traverse the ray cells, and the multiseriate rays remain intact like bridges amidst the ramifying cavities.

Vertical and Radial Variation of Nuclear Elongation Index of Living Sapwood Ray Parenchyma Cells in a Plantation Tree of Cryptomeria Japonica

IAWA Journal ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.C. Yang ◽  
Y.S. Chen ◽  
C.A. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Cryptomeria Japonica ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Elongation Index ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Vertical and radial variations of nuclear elongation index (NEI) of living sapwood ray parenchyrna cells were studied in a 45-year-old plantation tree of Cryptomeria japonica D. Don collected in Taiwan on February 27, 1992. Nine wood strips oriented in an E-W direction of the tree were collected starting at 0.3 m above ground level, and progressing upwards by 2.5 m intervals to the tree crown. Radial sections, 20 µm thick, were cut from the cambium toward the inner sapwood of these nine wood strips. The nuclear elongation index (NEI) was used to express the metabolic activity of the ray cells. It was found that metabolic activity of sapwood ray parenchyma was thc highest at the outer sapwood and declined gradually towards the inner sapwood. The lowest average NEI was found at the lowest stern level. The average NEI of various stern height levels increased with increasing stern height level. The average NEI of three growth rings at the outer sapwood near the cambium reached a maximum at the bottom of the live crown.

DISTRIBUTION AND VITALITY OF XYLEM RAYS IN RELATION TO TREE LEAF AREA IN DOUGLAS-FIR

IAWA Journal ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara L. Gartner ◽  
David C. Baker ◽  
Rachel Spicer
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Tree Leaf

The factors that determine sapwood width and volume in a tree are not known. This study asked whether sapwood width is related to a need for stem storage sites. Experiments were conducted on 12 34-year-old Douglas-fir [(Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] trees with a 6-7 fold range of leaf areas and leaf area/sapwood volumes. Because of declining ray frequency but constant average ray area, ray volume declined for the first 6-10 growth rings, then remained constant, and did not vary with height (breast height vs. 10 nodes from the top). Fewer of the ray parenchyma cells had nuclei in inner than outer sapwood. Inner sapwood had ray parenchyma with smaller rounder nuclei than did outer sapwood, and there was no effect of height. There was a positive relationship between leaf area and the relative volume of ray in outer sapwood at breast height (r = 0.646, p = 0.02), supporting the hypothesis that Douglas-fir trees with larger leaf areas have higher ray volume than do trees with smaller leaf areas. However, correlations of leaf area I sapwood volume with leaf area at either height were not significant, nor were correlations of either leaf area or leaf area/sapwood volume with measures of ray vitality (nuclear frequency in outer sapwood, or the ratio of nuclear frequency in the middle I outer sapwood or in inner I outer sapwood). These latter correlations give no evidence that Douglas-fir trees determine their sapwood volume based on a need for quantity of vital xylem rays.

scholarly journals Histochemical and Anatomical Studies of Phloem and Xylem Cells of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Tree

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-07 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Islam ◽  
S Begum
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Artocarpus Heterophyllus ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Tree Breeding Program ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

The localization of starch, lipid and protein, nuclei in the phloem and xylem cells of stem of Jackfruit trees (Artocarpus heterophyllus) has been studied. The optical digital images of anatomical features and localization of nuclei and reserve materials were obtained by light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Starch granules in the ray parenchyma cells were more abundant in the outer xylem close to the cambium than in the inner xylem and phloem. Radial localization of starch granules provided more clear data than transverse and tangential observations. Lipid and protein appeared as droplets and were uniformly distributed in the outer xylem. The parenchyma cells of phloem have large amount of lipid bodies but those were almost absent in cambium and xylem ray parenchyma cells. The results on the localization of storage starch, lipid droplets and proteins in phloem, cambium and xylem cells indicating that reserve materials might be important for wood formation in jackfruit trees. This data would be helpful for further study in tree breeding program and clarification of the mechanism of utilization of such reserve materials and their distribution pattern within the cells. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijns.v2i1.10876 International Journal of Natural Sciences (2012), 2(1): 01- 07 

Formation of Traumatic Phloem Resin Canals in Chamaecyparis Obtusa

IAWA Journal ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuji Yamanaka
Keyword(s):  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
Mechanical Wounding ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Resin Canals

Anatomical changes in traumatic phloem resin canal formation induced in Chamaecyparis obtusa S. ' Z. were examined periodically after mechanical wounding. Five to seven days after wounding, the parenchyma cells close or closest to the cambium at the time of injury expand radially, and then between the seventh to the ninth day, the expanding parenchyma cells developed into tangential rows. Some of the cells simultaneously divided periclinally within nine to fifteen days after being wounded. Moreover, derivatives schizogenously separated from each other and continued to divide. The spaces were enlarged by tangential and radial division of parenchyma cells. The axial and ray parenchyma cells divided mainly periclinally and also anticlinally to form canals, and eventually, circular or elliptic resin canals c. 100 to 200 µm in diameter in regular tangential rows, separated by ray cells. Traumatic phloem resin canals form a tangentially anastomosing network.

Wood Anatomy Of The Genus Abies A Review

IAWA Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis García Esteban ◽  
Paloma de Palacios ◽  
Francisco García Fernández ◽  
Ruth Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Resin Canals

The literature on the wood anatomy of the genus Abies is reviewed and discussed, and complemented with a detailed study of 33 species, 1 subspecies and 4 varieties. In general, the species studied do not show diagnostic interspecific differences, although it is possible to establish differences between groups of species using certain quantitative and qualitative features.The marginal axial parenchyma consisting of single cells and the ray parenchyma cells with distinctly pitted horizontal walls, nodular end walls and presence of indentures are constant for the genus, although these features also occur in the other genera of the Abietoideae. The absence of ray tracheids in Abies can be used to distinguish it from Cedrus and Tsuga, and the irregularly shaped parenchymatous marginal ray cells are only shared with Cedrus. The absence of resin canals enables Abies to be distinguished from very closely related genera such as Keteleeria and Nothotsuga. The crystals in the ray cells, taxodioid cross-field pitting and the warty layer in the tracheids can be regarded as diagnostic generic features.

Impregnation of Radiata Pine Wood By Vacuum Treatment: Identification of flow Paths Using Fluorescent Dye and Confocal Microscopy

IAWA Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junji Matsumura ◽  
Rudolf E. Booker ◽  
Lloyd A. Donaldson ◽  
Brad G. Ridoutt
Keyword(s):  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Vacuum Treatment ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Section Surface ◽  
Flow Pathways ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Resin Canals

Radiata pine sapwood and heartwood were dried with or without presteaming and then impregnated by vacuum treatment with water, toluidine blue and fluorescein. Sapwood uptake was 0.571 g/cm3 and was not affected by pre-steaming. As expected, the uptake by heartwood that had not been pre-steamed was very low. Pre-steaming increased liquid uptake from 0.113 g/cm3 to 0.438 g/cm3. When the uptake by pre-steamed heartwood from radial, tangential and transverse surfaces was compared, the greatest increase was from the radial surfaces, suggesting that pre-steaming of heartwood resulted in changes to the tangential liquid flow pathways. The liquid flow pathways in sapwood consisted ofaxial and radial resin canals, ray parenchyma cells in both fusiform and uniseriate rays. Penetration into tracheids was also observed. Without pre-steaming, there was limited liquid flow into heartwood, and this was generally confined to resin canals and ray parenchyma. Pre-steaming of heartwood increased penetration of dye into the resin canal network, presumably due to removal or redistribution of resin. Fluorescein was also evident in bordered pits between tracheids, suggesting that one of the ways that pre-steaming increased heartwood treatability was by altering the condition ofbordered pits to allow greater conduction. The combination of fluorescein dye and confocal microscopy was found to be a particularly effective way of visualising flow patterns, as it was possible to examine thick sections, which avoided microtome damage at the section surface. Examination of dry wood also minimised the possibility of dye redistribution.

Effect of Ethrel on Stem Anatomy of Ulmus Americana Seedlings

IAWA Journal ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Yamamoto ◽  
G. Angeles ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Dark Staining ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Organic Deposits

Ethrel (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) applied in lanolin paste at concentrations of 0.4, 1.6, 6.2, or 10.8% to stems of 3-month-old Ulmus americana seedlings greatly altered stem anatomy within 41 days. Application of ethrel at 1.6% or higher concentration was followed by greatly increased bark thickness primarily as a result of an increase in the amount of phloem and intercellular spaces. Xylem increment was increased following treatment with 0.4 or 1.6% ethrel and reduced by 6.2 or 10.8% ethrel. All concentrations of ethrel increased the number of vessels, reduced vessel diameters, and induced an increase in ray width and size of the individual ray cells. Ethrel at 6.2 or 10.8% inhibited differentiation of fibres, many of which were poorly developed and contained protoplasm and nucleL Ethrel also stimulated accumulation of dark-staining organic deposits in the ray parenchyma cells, axial parenchyma cells, and immature fibres. The data indicate a role of ethylene in control of growth and anatorny of stems.

Ray Structure Differences between Rootwood and Stemwood in a Range of Softwood Species

IAWA Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Denne ◽  
Siân Turner
Keyword(s):  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Softwood Species

Differences between the ray structure of rootwood and stemwood were analysed in 11 species from 5 families of gymnosperms. Rootwood was consistently found to have fewer ray tracheids, with ray parenchyma cells which were taller axially, wider tangentially, but shorter radially, and had more pits per cross-field than stemwood. A scale for quantifying types of cross-field pitting is proposed, and statistically significant differences in type and diameter of cross-field pitting were found between rootwood and stemwood of most species sampled. These structural differences have practical implications for identification of gymnosperm roots, and for distinguishing between rootwood and stemwood.

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