Shoot ontogeny in Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (bearberry): the annual cycle of apical activity

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 1925-1932 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Remphrey ◽  
T. A. Steeves
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Foliage Leaf ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Floral Bracts ◽  
Vegetative Bud

Phenological investigation of shoot ontogeny in the prostrate shrub Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (bearberry) at two sites in Saskatchewan, Canada, revealed that most growth occurred from May to July. Vegetative bud swell and leaf primordium initiation began around the 1st of May. Following bud burst in late May, elongation of most shoots continued for 3 to 5 weeks. Most bearberry shoots were not completely preformed; that is, several neoformed foliage leaves were initiated during current-year shoot extension in addition to the leaves that had been preformed during the previous season and had overwintered in the bud. In many shoots, a terminal inflorescence was initiated in the latter part of May of the year prior to anthesis. During conversion to the flowering state, the terminal apex initiated seven to nine floral bracts, each subtending a bud. In vegetative terminal shoots, bud-scale initiation also began in mid-May to late May and new terminal buds were first evident in early to mid-June. Following the initiation of bud scales and transitional leaves, the production of preformed foliage-leaf primordia continued until about August 1. Protruding lateral buds were evident histologically in the axils of preformed leaves during the initial stages of bud swell. On long, dominant shoots numerous neoformed leaves were initiated and shoot extension was often prolonged well into August. Second-flush terminal and lateral shoots, which resulted from the expansion of neoformed leaves and internodes, were also observed. The occurrence of neoformed growth in a large proportion of shoots suggests an exploitive, opportunistic growth strategy in this species.

Bud development in mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana). I. Vegetative bud and shoot development

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Vegetative Buds ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Tsuga Mertensiana ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Vegetative Bud

Vegetative buds of mature Tsuga mertensiana (Bong) Carr. (mountain hemlock) were studied throughout the annual growth cycle. Cell divisions began in vegetative buds in mid-April and shoots and leaves elongated within the bud scales causing the buds to burst in late June. Lateral shoots completed elongation by the end of July. Vegetative terminal apices from lateral branches began bud-scale initiation when bud dormancy ended. All bud scales were initiated by the end of July. Leaf primordial initiation occurred from that time until mid-October when vegetative buds again became dormant. Axillary buds were initiated on the elongating shoots in early June then followed the same phenology as vegetative terminal buds. Vegetative bud and shoot development are compared with that of western hemlock and certain other members of the Pinaceae. The relationship of bud development to shoot development is discussed for mountain hemlock and other conifers having a similar pattern of vegetative bud development.

Bud development in Picea engelmannii. I. Vegetative bud development, differentiation, and early development of reproductive buds

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 2291-2301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek L. S. Harrison ◽  
John N. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Vegetative Buds ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Mother Cells

Vegetative buds of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry) from the Prince George Forest District (British Columbia) were collected and studied. In mid-April, dormancy ended as determined from mitotic divisions within the leaf primordia; 2 weeks later mitotic activity occurred in the bud apices. Bud-scale initiation began in terminal buds by late May followed by that in axillary buds 2 weeks later. Shoot elongation began in late May, bud burst occurred in late June, and both shoot elongation and bud-scale initiation were complete by late July. Terminal buds began to differentiate by the initiation of leaf primordia, into vegetative buds early in August whereas axillary buds began to differentiate 1 week later. Leaf initiation was completed in all vegetative buds by late September and buds were dormant by mid-October. Pollen cones initiated microsporophylls after bud-scale initiation. Microsporangial initiation began in late August. Microsporangial enlargement began in mid-September and continued until dormancy when pollen mother cells were observed in a premeiotic stage. Seed cones initiated bracts directly after bud-scale initiation. In mid-August, ovuliferous scales began to be initiated. Two ovule primordia formed adaxially, one on each side of the median longitudinal axis of each ovuliferous scale. Each ovule formed one large central megaspore mother cell which overwintered in a premeiotic stage.

Bud development in Sitka spruce. I. Annual growth cycle of vegetative buds and shoots

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 313-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Owens ◽  
Marje Molder
Keyword(s):  
Early Period ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Leaf Initiation ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Vegetative Bud

Vegetative apices of Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. were studied throughout the annual growth cycle. Apices became mitotically active late in March and the shoot axis and leaf primordia elongated causing the bud to swell. New axillary apices were initiated in mid-April and the terminal apex and new axillary apices initiated bud scales until early in July. Vegetative bud burst occurred early in June and shoot elongation was completed by mid-July. The end of shoot elongation coincided with the onset of leaf initiation. The change from bud-scale to leaf initiation was characterized by a period of increased mitotic activity and rapid apical growth. About half of the final number of leaves were initiated during the early period of rapid leaf initiation. The remaining leaf primordia were initiated more slowly over the next 3 months. Buds became dormant by mid-November.

Structure and development of terminal bud scales in green ash

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Apical Region ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Foliage Leaf ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Early Developmental

Structure and development of terminal bud scales of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima) were studied to provide a basis for comparison with foliage leaves of the same species. To identify early developmental stages of bud scales, structure and phenology of terminal buds were investigated first. Overwintering terminal buds have typically three or four pairs of bud scales and three to six pairs of foliage leaf primordia. Bud scales have a flattened base topped by rudimentary leaflets. After bud break, the first leaf primordia that are initiated develop and mature into terminal bud scales by early summer. Although morphology and anatomy of mature foliage leaves and bud scales are very different, primordia of leaf forms are similar until they reach a length of 500 μm. At that length both leaf forms have a base and apical leaflets. Bud scale bases widen and elongate without much thickening, while growth in the apical region is restricted. Marginal growth of the bud scale base is different from that described for most leaf blades. Terminal bud scales could be interpreted as being ontogenetically derived from foliage leaf primordia.

scholarly journals Genotypic Variation in Flower Bud Development in Hydrangea macrophylla

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 757B-757
Author(s):  
Warner Orozco-Obando* ◽  
Hazel Y. Wetzstein
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Terminal Buds

The general doctrine of flowering in Hydrangea is that floral induction occurs during the previous season on last year's growth and usually at the stem's terminal bud. However, Hydrangea cultivars widely differ in their relative abundance and duration of flower production. The objective of this study was to determine how developmental flowering patterns compare among different genotypes. Flowering was characterized in 18 H. macrophylla cultivars by assessing the extent of flower initiation and development in terminal and lateral buds of dormant shoots (i.e., after they have received floral inductive conditions.) Plants were managed under outdoor conditions. Dormant, 1-year-old stems were collected and characterized for caliper and length. All buds >2 mm were dissected and the vegetative or floral bud stage of development was categorized for each bud microscopically. Flower development occurred in 100% of the terminal buds for all the cultivars with the exception of `Ayesha' (33%). In contrast, lateral buds showed a wide variation in flower development. For example: `All Summer Beauty', `David Ramsey', `Kardinal', `Masja', and `Nightingale' showed high levels of floral induction (>92 % of lateral buds induced.) In contrast, `Ayesha', `Blushing Pink', `Freudenstein', and `Nigra' had 10% or fewer lateral buds with floral initials. Thus, the degree of floral induction in lateral buds varied tremendously among different cultivars. In addition, flower initiation and development were not related to the size (length and caliper) of individual buds. Thus, bud size does not appear to be a good indicator of flowering potential.

Growth response of young balsam fir fertilized with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and lime

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. R. Timmer ◽  
E. L. Stone ◽  
D. G. Embree
Keyword(s):  
Growth Responses ◽  
Short Term ◽  
N Application ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Growth responses of a young, naturally regenerated Abiesbalsamea stand managed for Christmas trees in Nova Scotia were measured over the 2 years after application of dolomitic limestone and factorial combinations of four levels of N, two levels of P, and two levels of K. In the first season, nitrogen-treated trees were darker green and had heavier terminal buds. Other significant responses owing to nitrogen were greater numbers of apical and lateral buds in the second season and greater length of leaders, lateral shoots, and needles in both seasons. The only significant main effect of P was on bud development. Neither K nor lime had any significant influence, and no significant interactions among any nutrients were detected. Growth responses did not differ significantly among three rates of N application over the 2-year period indicating.that for short-term cultural purposes the higher rates are inefficient on this site.

Crown architecture of Larix laricina saplings: shoot preformation and neoformation and their relationships to shoot vigour

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2181-2192 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Remphrey ◽  
G. R. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Crown Architecture ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Shoot Buds ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Terminal Buds

Resting buds from five locations on long shoots in each of six crown positions were compared for 30 Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch saplings. At each locus, bud sizes, numbers of bud scales and preformed leaf primordia (basal and axial for long-shoot buds), and apical widths were positively related to parent-shoot length. Along individual shoots, (i) terminal and lateral long-shoot buds contained fewer basal-leaf primordia than the more proximal short-shoot buds; (ii) terminal buds contained the most bud scales and axial-leaf primordia; and (iii) numbers of bud scales increased, while numbers of axial-leaf primordia generally decreased, basipetally among lateral buds. Comparison of bud leaf content with leaves on elongated shoots by regression showed that numbers of preformed and neoformed leaves increased with shoot length, but numbers of neoformed leaves did so to a greater degree. Internode lengths, numbers of leaves per lateral bud produced, and leaf lengths were greater on neoformed than on preformed shoot segments. Because of their capacity for neoformed growth following preformed growth and because of increases in internode lengths among all axial leaves, shoots from subjacent lateral buds replaced experimentally decapitated tree leaders (terminal buds) in one season, with little or no loss of height growth.

Initiation and development of subterminal buds in Abiesbalsamea

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.R. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Shoot Apices ◽  
Continuous Layer ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Vegetative Bud ◽  
Different Origin ◽  
Needle Primordia

On mature, sapling, and seedling trees of balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) cataphyll production on shoot apices began 3 to 4 weeks before vegetative bud burst. Subterminal bud primordia were initiated in the axils of two or three of the first-formed cataphylls at about the time of vegetative bud burst. A week later, prophylls were evident on the subterminal bud apices. Cataphylls were subsequently produced until mid-July. Most buds then initiated needle primordia and increased in size until late September. Some, on weaker shoots, failed to produce needles and remained latent. Throughout their development, the subterminal buds were never dissociated from the terminal bud and, together, the buds formed a terminal bud unit, ultimately encased in a continuous layer of resin. The subterminal buds produce the nodal branches which are distinctly more vigorous than internodal branches, which are produced in lateral buds which have a different origin.

On buds man

2008 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-594
Author(s):  
Graham R Powell
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Species Identification ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Adventitious Buds ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Shoot Buds ◽  
Tree Crowns ◽  
Vegetative Buds ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Terminal Buds

The nature of scaly buds, homologies of their bud scales and degrees of preformation of contained leaf primordia are briefly described. Distinction is made among vegetative, reproductive, mixed, latent, and adventitious buds. Character of buds as associated with position along and around their supporting shoots and with relative vigour of those supporting shoots is discussed. Reference is made to how knowledge of buds and their fates is useful not only in species identification but also in understanding and modelling development of tree crowns, and in how inter- and intra-generic differences must be accounted for when devising measures to affect development in tree crowns. Key words: bud-scale homology, conifers, hardwoods, lateral buds, leaf primordia, long-shoot versus short-shoot buds, position on shoots, pseudoterminal buds, reproductive buds, terminal buds, vegetative buds

Vegetative bud development and cone differentiation in Abies amabilis

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 992-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Owens ◽  
Marje Molder
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Vegetative Buds ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Mitotic Frequency ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Pollen Cone ◽  
Vegetative Bud

In the trees studied, vegetative buds began development in early April, bud burst occurred in early June and shoot elongation was completed by late July. Vegetative buds initiated bud scales from mid-April until mid-July and then initiated leaf primordia until the vegetative buds became dormant in November. All axillary buds were initiated in mid-May and their bud scales were initiated until early July. During bud-scale initiation, distal vegetative lateral apices were more conical but had a mitotic frequency similar to other lateral apices. Near the end of bud-scale initiation, vegetative apices accumulated more phenolic and ergastic compounds in future pith cells than did potential seed-cone or pollen-cone apices. Bud differentiation occurred in mid-July at the end of lateral shoot elongation. During bud differentiation the mitotic frequency of pollen-cone and seed-cone apices increased much more than that of distal vegetative apices. This resulted in a marked increase in apical size and a change in apical shape and zonation that made reproductive apices easily distinguishable from vegetative apices. Bracts began to be initiated in mid-July, and ovuliferous scales, in mid-August. Both continued to be initiated until seed-cone buds became dormant in November. A single megaspore mother cell formed in each ovule before dormancy. Microsporophylls were initiated from mid-July until early September. Microsporangia began to differentiate in September and contained microspore mother cells when pollen cones became dormant in mid-October. Meiosis did not begin before dormancy. A few potential vegetative and many potential seed-cone and potential pollen-cone apices became latent during bud-scale initiation. Some potential seed-cone apices became vegetative buds. Consequently, the number of cone buds formed was determined primarily by the proportion of apices that developed fully and the pathway along which they developed.

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