The role of waterlogging and sand accretion in modulating the morphology of the dune slack plant Scirpus americanus

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 1780-1787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise M. Seliskar
Keyword(s):  
Sand Dune ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Reciprocal Transplant ◽  
Dune Slack ◽  
Coastal Sand Dune ◽  
Scirpus Americanus ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

Scirpus americanus Pers., a major dune slack plant in coastal sand dune ecosystems, differs in height along transects ranging between the lowest and highest elevational areas of slacks located along the coast of Delaware, U.S.A. Using reciprocal transplant and common garden experiments, results suggest that environmental factors rather than hereditary traits are more important in accounting for the differences in plant morphology expressed in the field. Dune slack plants are exposed to stresses of waterlogging and sand accretion in their natural environment. In controlled greenhouse experiments waterlogging was shown to inhibit stem growth and cause an increase in aerenchymatous tissue, whereas periodic sand deposition caused an increase in the plant height of Scirpus.

scholarly journals Competitive Interactions of Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus L.) Cytotypes in Submersed and Emergent Experimental Aquatic Plant Communities

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan E. Harms
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Aquatic Plant ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Depth Gradient ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

The ability to invade communities in a variety of habitats (e.g., along a depth gradient) may facilitate establishment and spread of invasive plants, but how multiple lineages of a species perform under varying conditions is understudied. A series of greenhouse common garden experiments were conducted in which six diploid and four triploid populations of the aquatic invasive plant Butomus umbellatus L. (Butomaceae) were grown in submersed or emergent conditions, in monoculture or in a multispecies community, to compare establishment and productivity of cytotypes under competition. Diploid biomass overall was 12 times higher than triploids in the submersed experiment and three times higher in the emergent experiment. Diploid shoot:root ratio was double that of triploid plants in submersed conditions overall, and double in emergent conditions in monoculture. Relative interaction intensities (RII) indicated that triploid plants were sixteen times more negatively impacted by competition under submersed conditions but diploid plants were twice as impacted under emergent conditions. Recipient communities were similarly negatively impacted by B. umbellatus cytotypes. This study supports the idea that diploid and triploid B. umbellatus plants are equally capable of invading emergent communities, but that diploid plants may be better adapted for invading in submersed habitats. However, consistently lower shoot:root ratios in both monoculture and in communities suggests that triploid plants may be better-adapted competitors in the long term due to increased resource allocation to roots. This represents the first examination into the role of cytotype and habitat on competitive interactions of B. umbellatus.

EICA 2.0: a general model of enemy release and defence in plant and animal invasions.

2020 ◽  
pp. 192-207
Author(s):  
Richard Honor ◽  
Robert I. Colautti
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
General Model ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Enemy Release ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Introduced Range ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

Abstract Plants and animals have evolved a variety of strategies to limit the negative fitness consequences of natural enemies (i.e. herbivores, predators, parasites and pathogens). Demographic bottlenecks occurring during the invasion process reduce the number of co-introduced natural enemies, providing opportunities to study rapid evolution in environments with different or reduced enemy loads. Enemy release theory provides a set of hypotheses and predictions about the role of natural enemies in the proliferation of invasive species. This body of theory includes the Enemy Release Hypothesis (ERH) and the related Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability Hypothesis (EICA), but there is often confusion about these hypotheses and the data needed to test them. We introduce a simple, general model of enemy release to identify and clarify some of the key assumptions and predictions implicit in enemy release theory and its impacts on invasion. Although introduced populations likely benefit from a reduction in the direct fitness impacts of natural enemies in the early stages of invasion, an evolutionary shift in resource allocation from defence to growth and reproduction is much less likely and depends on a delicate balance between the fitness costs and benefits of defence and the fitness impacts of natural enemies in both the native and introduced ranges. Even when the abundance of natural enemies is lower in the introduced range, the majority of scenarios do not favour evolution of less defended genotypes that are more competitive or more fecund, contrary to predictions of EICA. Perhaps surprisingly, we find that the level of damage by natural enemies in field surveys is not generally a good parameter for testing enemy release theory. Instead, common garden experiments characterizing fitness reaction norms of multiple genotypes from the native and introduced range are crucial to estimate the historic rate of adaptive evolution or predict it into the future. Incorporating spatial autocorrelation and methods from population genetics can further improve our understanding of the role of enemy release and evolution in the proliferation of invasive species.

EICA 2.0: a general model of enemy release and defence in plant and animal invasions.

2020 ◽  
pp. 192-207
Author(s):  
Richard Honor ◽  
◽  
Robert L. Colautti ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
General Model ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Enemy Release ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Introduced Range ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

Plants and animals have evolved a variety of strategies to limit the negative fitness consequences of natural enemies (i.e. herbivores, predators, parasites and pathogens). Demographic bottlenecks occurring during the invasion process reduce the number of co-introduced natural enemies, providing opportunities to study rapid evolution in environments with different or reduced enemy loads. Enemy release theory provides a set of hypotheses and predictions about the role of natural enemies in the proliferation of invasive species. This body of theory includes the Enemy Release Hypothesis (ERH) and the related Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability Hypothesis (EICA), but there is often confusion about these hypotheses and the data needed to test them. We introduce a simple, general model of enemy release to identify and clarify some of the key assumptions and predictions implicit in enemy release theory and its impacts on invasion. Although introduced populations likely benefit from a reduction in the direct fitness impacts of natural enemies in the early stages of invasion, an evolutionary shift in resource allocation from defence to growth and reproduction is much less likely and depends on a delicate balance between the fitness costs and benefits of defence and the fitness impacts of natural enemies in both the native and introduced ranges. Even when the abundance of natural enemies is lower in the introduced range, the majority of scenarios do not favour evolution of less defended genotypes that are more competitive or more fecund, contrary to predictions of EICA. Perhaps surprisingly, we find that the level of damage by natural enemies in field surveys is not generally a good parameter for testing enemy release theory. Instead, common garden experiments characterizing fitness reaction norms of multiple genotypes from the native and introduced range are crucial to estimate the historic rate of adaptive evolution or predict it into the future. Incorporating spatial autocorrelation and methods from population genetics can further improve our understanding of the role of enemy release and evolution in the proliferation of invasive species.

Nước dưới đất trong cồn cát ven biển phía nam Quảng Bình và định hướng khai thác sử dụng

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-345
Author(s):  
Nguyễn Xuân Tặng
Keyword(s):  
Sand Dune ◽  
Coastal Sand Dune ◽  
The South ◽  
Coastal Sand ◽  
Dune Area

Groundwater in coastal sand dune area in the south of Quang Binh province and posibility for exploitation

Sex ratio and life history traits at reaching sexual maturity in the dioecious shrub Fuchsia parviflora: field and common garden experiments

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Jessica S. Ambriz ◽  
Clementina González ◽  
Eduardo Cuevas
Keyword(s):  
Natural Population ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Common Garden Experiment ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Reproductive Biomass ◽  
Common Garden Experiments ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Abstract Fuchsia parviflora is a dioecious shrub that depends on biotic pollination for reproduction. Previous studies suggest that the male plants produce more flowers, and male-biased sex ratios have been found in some natural populations. To assess whether the biased sex ratios found between genders in natural populations are present at the point at which plants reach sexual maturity, and to identify possible trade-offs between growth and reproduction, we performed a common garden experiment. Finally, to complement the information of the common garden experiment, we estimated the reproductive biomass allocation between genders in one natural population. Sex ratios at reaching sexual maturity in F. parviflora did not differ from 0.5, except in one population, which was the smallest seedling population. We found no differences between genders in terms of the probability of germination or flowering. When flowering began, female plants were taller than males and the tallest plants of both genders required more time to reach sexual maturity. Males produced significantly more flowers than females, and the number of flowers increased with plant height in both genders. Finally, in the natural population studied, the investment in reproductive biomass was seven-fold greater in female plants than in male plants. Our results showed no evidence of possible trade-offs between growth and reproduction. Despite the fact that female plants invest more in reproductive biomass, they were taller than the males after flowering, possibly at the expense of herbivory defence.

Vegetation of a coastal sand dune system in southern New Zealand

1991 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin T. Sykes ◽  
J. Bastow Wilson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Sand Dune ◽  
Coastal Sand Dune ◽  
Dune System ◽  
Coastal Sand

Stabilité phénotypique de la croissance en hauteur et cinétique journalière de la pression de sève et de la transpiration chez le pin maritime (Pinuspinaster Ait.)

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 936-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Guyon ◽  
A. Kremer
Keyword(s):  
Sand Dune ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Coastal Sand Dune ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Coastal Sand ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Physiologic Activity ◽  
Response To Environmental Change ◽  
Pin Maritime

A study of geographic variation of maritime pine (Pinuspinaster Ait.) 9 years old, regarding height growth, transpiration and sap pressure daily kinetics has been performed in two sites, one in coastal sand dune and the other one in a more interior well-drained sandy moor. Successive height increments were measured from the 4th to the 9th year of growth and the year × provenance interaction was investigated. Transpiration and sap pressure were measured on 2-year-old needle fascicles. Results show discriminant variations between provenances and suggest some hypotheses about the possible ways of natural selection concerning drought resistance. The provenances North Landes (France) and Leiria (Portugal) grow best and strongly react to any variation of environmental factors as reflected by the high value of the slope of their regression lines (regression of their annual mean on the overall annual mean). Such a genotypie instability coincides with an intense physiologic activity (large flux of water correlated with a strong loss of weight by transpiration, reaching after 3 min 2% of the total dry weight of the separated needles and associated with the lowest sap pressure when the sun is around zenith). On the contrary, the Morocan provenance Tamjoute shows a large stability; its daily curves of transpiration and sap pressure reach early their maximum and minimum and therefore express a stress avoidance. Between these two extreme behaviours, the provenances Cazorla (south Spain) and Porto-Vecchio (Corsica) have intermediate values of transpiration and sap pressure, and their height growth shows a relative stability of response to environmental change.

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