Structure and development of Pinus banksiana – Wilcoxina ectendomycorrhizae

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2135-2148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela F. Scales ◽  
R. L. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Cell Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Hartig Net ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cell Plasma ◽  
Wilcoxina Mikolae

Seedlings of Pinus banksiana were grown in growth pouches and inoculated with Wilcoxina mikolae var. mikolae, Wilcoxina mikolae var. tetraspora, and Wilcoxina rehmii. Ectendomycorrhizae formed between P. banksiana and W. mikolae var. mikolae developed rapidly following inoculation. The mantle was of variable width, and a large amount of mucigel was evident on the root surface. Intracellular penetration of the cortical cells by hyphae occurred one to two cells distal to Hartig net formation. Both light and transmission electron microscopy revealed labyrinthic growth of Hartig net hyphae that were densely cytoplasmic during early penetration stages but became vacuolate as the association aged. Intracellular colonization of the cortex was extensive, with the hyphae highly branched and surrounded by an interfacial matrix and cortical cell plasma membrane. The external morphology and anatomy of ectendomycorrhizae formed between W. mikolae var. tetraspora and W. rehmii and P. banksiana were similar to those described for W. mikolae var. mikolae. Key words: ectendomycorrhizae, Wilcoxina, Pinus banksiana, intracellular, Hartig net, E-strain.

Ultrastructure des ectomycorhizes synthétiques à Hebeloma alpinum et Hebeloma marginatulum de Dryas octopetala

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 2160-2166 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Debaud ◽  
R. Pepin ◽  
G. Bruchet
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Hyphal Morphogenesis ◽  
Hartig Net ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Dryas Octopetala ◽  
Alpine Species ◽  
Means Of Transmission

Ectomycorrhizas of Dryas octopetala (Rosaceae) were synthesized with two alpine species of Hebeloma and observed by means of transmission electron microscopy. The mycorrhizas studied here were harvested at the time of fruiting of the associated fungi. The ultrastructure of the mycelial sheath, Hartig net, host cortical cells, and host–mycobiont interface was thus defined from very active, functional, living structures. Following analysis of the results, an interpretation of hyphal morphogenesis in the sheath and in the Hartig net is proposed.

Structure of ectomycorrhizae formed by Wilcoxina mikolae var. mikolae with Picea mariana and Betula alleghaniensis

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2149-2157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela F. Scales ◽  
R. L. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Apex ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Oblique Angle ◽  
Hartig Net ◽  
Wilcoxina Mikolae ◽  
Scanning Electron

The structure of ectomycorrhizae synthesized between the E-strain fungus, Wilcoxina mikolae var. mikolae and two tree species, Picea mariana and Betula alleghaniensis, was characterized by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. For both mycorrhizal types, mantle formation was visible on lateral roots within 10 days of inoculation. Picea mariana ectomycorrhizae had a very thin mantle whereas B. alleghaniensis ectomycorrhizae had a mantle consisting of several layers. For both mycorrhizal types, the innermost mantle hyphae were embedded in a considerable amount of mucigel on the root surface. A well-developed Hartig net with labyrinthic growth occurred in both types of mycorrhizae. Betula alleghaniensis ectomycorrhizae had a paraepidermal Hartig net, and the root epidermal cells were radially elongate at an oblique angle. The Hartig net of P. mariana ectomycorrhizae penetrated the epidermis and all layers of the cortex. The cytoplasmic density of the intercellular hyphae was greatest towards the root apex. Ectomycorrhizal associations formed by E-strain fungi were similar to ectomycorrhizae formed by other fungi. Key words: E-strain, ectomycorrhizae, Wilcoxina, Picea, Betula, Hartig net.

Host microtubules in the Hartig net region of ectomycorrhizas, ectendomycorrhizas, and monotropoid mycorrhizas

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (7) ◽  
pp. 938-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukari Kuga-Uetake ◽  
Melissa Purich ◽  
Hugues B Massicotte ◽  
R. Larry Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Hartig Net ◽  
Confocal Scanning Laser ◽  
Wilcoxina Mikolae

Various categories of mycorrhizas are recognized primarily by the structural changes that occur between fungi and roots. In all mycorrhiza categories, cytological modifications of root cells accompany the establishment of the functional symbiosis, and among these are alterations in the organization of the cytoskeleton. Using immuno labelling combined with confocal scanning laser microscopy, this study documents changes in microtubules (MTs) in root cells of ectendomycorrhizas and monotropoid mycorrhizas; in addition, ectomycorrhizas were reinvestigated to determine the effect of fungal colonization on host root cells. In Pinus banksiana L. – Laccaria bicolor (Maire) Orton ectomycorrhizas, MTs were present in epidermal and cortical cells adjacent to the Hartig net. The remaining cortical MTs had a different organization when compared with those of cortical cells of control roots. MTs were present in Hartig net hyphae. In ectendomycorrhizas formed when roots of P. banksiana were colonized by the ascomycete, Wilcoxina mikolae var. mikolae Yang & Korf, MTs were present adjacent to intracellular hyphae and host nuclei, but few cortical MTs were present. MTs were present within Hartig net and intracellular hyphae. In field-collected roots of Monotropa uniflora L., MTs were associated with fungal pegs, intracellular extensions of inner mantle hyphae within epidermal cells. The close association between MTs and fungal pegs may be related to the formation of the highly branched host-derived wall that envelops each fungal peg. The development of exchange interfaces in the three systems studied involve changes in the organization of microtubules.Key words: cytoskeleton, microtubules, Hartig net, mycorrhizas, immunolocalization, confocal microscopy.

Structure and ontogeny of Betula alleghaniensis – Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizae

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Massicotte ◽  
R. L. Peterson ◽  
C. A. Ackerley ◽  
L. H. Melville
Keyword(s):  
Root Hairs ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Hartig Net ◽  
Primary Roots

The ontogeny and ultrastructure of ectomycorrhizae synthesized between Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch) and Pisolithus tinctorius, a broad host range fungus, were studied to determine the structural modifications in both symbionts during ectomycorrhiza establishment. A number of stages, including initial contact of hyphae with the root surface, early mantle formation, and mature mantle formation, were distinguished. Interactions between hyphae and root hairs were frequent. As a paraepidermal Hartig net developed, root epidermal cells elongated in a radial direction, but wall ingrowths were not formed. Repeated branching of Hartig net hyphae resulted in extensive fine branches and the compartmentalization of hyphal cytoplasm. Nuclei and elongated mitochondria were frequently located in the narrow cytoplasmic compartments, and [Formula: see text] thickenings developed along walls of cortical cells in primary roots.

Differences in the colonization of Pinus banksiana roots by sib-monokaryotic and dikaryotic strains of ectomycorrhizal Laccaria bicolor

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1717-1726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken K. Y. Wong ◽  
Yves Piché ◽  
Diane Montpetit ◽  
Bradley R. Kropp
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Root Cell ◽  
Laccaria Bicolor ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Aseptic Culture ◽  
Hartig Net ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Root Surfaces

First-order laterals of Pinus banksiana seedlings were inoculated with variant strains of ectomycorrhizal Laccaria bicolor in an aseptic culture system. Macroscopic observations of 10 fungal strains indicated that 6 are mycorrhizal and 4 are apparently nonmycorrhizal. Furthermore, light microscopic examinations revealed significant intraspecific variation in mycorrhizal structures. The mean mantle thickness, mean mantle density, and mean Hartig net penetration of the six mycorrhizal strains ranged from 2.5 to 13.4 hyphae, 278 to 411 hyphae/mm and 2 to 2.8 root cell layers, respectively. Three of these strains formed fewer macroscopically observable mycorrhizae and developed significantly thinner mantles but their Hartig nets usually separated cortical cells more extensively. Three of the four apparently nonmycorrhizal strains showed infrequent and poor Hartig net development (mean penetration of 0.3 to 0.8 root cell layer), poor surface colonization, and no mantle development. These three strains were better able to colonize long roots. Only one strain could be considered truly nonmycorrhizal because it only colonized root surfaces poorly and never showed mantle or Hartig net formation. The observed intraspecific variability raises questions concerning the determinants of mycorrhiza development and structure.

Ontogeny of Alnus rubra – Alpova diplophloeus ectomycorrhizae. II. Transmission electron microscopy

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Massicotte ◽  
C. A. Ackerley ◽  
R. L. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Root Cap ◽  
Alnus Rubra ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Hartig Net ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Meristem Zone ◽  
Basal Portion ◽  
Branching System

Ultrastructural features of the two symbionts in ectomycorrhizae formed between Alnus rubra and Alpova diplophloeus change with developmental stage. In the root cap – meristem zone, hyphae penetrate between vacuolated root cap cells and become appressed to epidermal cells containing small vacuoles, plastids with starch, numerous Golgi bodies, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. In the young Hartig net zone, hyphae with few vacuoles penetrate between vacuolated epidermal cells that still contain numerous Golgi bodies but now have plastids with small starch grains. Hartig net hyphae begin to branch and eventually form a complex branching system in the mature Hartig net zone. Hartig net hyphae in the basal portion of the ectomycorrhizae synthesize lipid and finally become vacuolated.

Ultrastructural Morphology of the Plastids in Ferocactus Latispinus (Haworth)

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 648-649
Author(s):  
E. R. Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Conventional Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Meristematic Cells ◽  
Dense Cytoplasm ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Peripheral Cytoplasm

Mature plants of Ferocactus latispinus were divided into the apical meristem, cortical and cambial tissue, and young and mature photosynthetic tissue. Pieces 2x2x4 mm were fixed in 0.075 M PIPES buffered 5% glutaraldehyde and further treated for conventional transmission electron microscopy.The shoot meristematic cells contained dense cytoplasm with a few small vacuoles. All organelles expected to be found in unspecialized plant cells were present. The proplastids were 1-2 diameters larger than mitochondria. Some of these plastids were elongated and most contained small amounts of lipid globules in the stroma (Fig. 1). In addition, phytoferritin was sometimes found in the stroma. No starch was found in these organelles. The thylakoids were poorly developed, and when there were no inclusions in the stroma, proplastids were difficult to distinguish from mitochondria (Fig. 1).Cortical cells had very large, well-developed vacuoles. The organelles were restricted to the peripheral cytoplasm of the cell and to a few transvacuolar cytoplasmic strands.

scholarly journals Cholinesterase activity of lamellated sensory corpuscles in the rat lip

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
II-Sei Watanabe ◽  
Chizuka Ide
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Cholinesterase Activity ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Cell Plasma Membrane ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Cell Plasma ◽  
Periaxonal Space ◽  
Lamellar Cell

Non-specific cholinesterase (ChE) activity was demonstrated in lamellated sensory corpuscles of the rat lip by light and electron microscopy using Karnovsky and Root's method. ChE activity was present in the interlamellar spaces between neighbouring lamellae as well as in the periaxonal space between axon terminals and their adjacent lamellae. Reaction products of ChE activity were also deposited in some caveolae of the lamellar cell plasma membrane, and in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum as well as in the nuclear envelope of lamellar cell bodies. No definite reaction products were detected within the axon terminals. These findings show that the lamellated corpuscles in the rat lip, like other mechanoreceptors, have an intense ChE activity which is mainly associated with lamellar cells. It can be said that ChE histochemistry is useful to detect mechanoreceptors. The functional significance of ChE in mechanoreceptors is discussed.

Ultrastructure of the attachment and feeding sites of Gracilacus latescens Raski, 1976 in timber bamboo roots and selected anatomical details of the female stylet

Nematology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-312
Author(s):  
Dianne Achor ◽  
Larry Duncan ◽  
Renato Inserra ◽  
Alberto Troccoli
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Dense Material ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
Electron Dense Material ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Phyllostachys Bambusoides

AbstractMature female Gracilacus latescens are sedentary and remain attached by the stylet to the surface of timber bamboo roots (Phyllostachys bambusoides) for their entire life. Observations by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the anatomy of the anterior portion of the female body showed the stylet shaft surrounded by a thick stomatal wall sensu Endo (1983) and by large protractor muscles. Cross sections of the root at the site of nematode attachment showed accumulation of electron-opaque material between the nematode body and the epidermal wall penetrated by the stylet. Electron-dense material enwrapped the stylet from the point of its insertion in an epidermal cell wall until its end in the lumen of a sclerenchymal or cortical cell. Two to three cells are penetrated by the stylet. The electron-dense material appeared to originate from the walls of epidermal, cortical parenchymal and sclerenchymal cells perforated by the stylet. The thickness of this material increased with the number of sclerenchyma cell walls penetrated by the stylet. Cross sections of the enwrapped stylet showed it tightly encased in the electron-dense material, which appeared to anchor the stylet and consequently the nematode body to the root surface. A syncytium originates from the innermost cell reached by the enwrapped stylet and expands into the inner cortex and stele. Cell wall dissolution and pit fields are characteristics of the syncytium.

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