Mallomonas voloshkoae sp. nov. (Synurales, Chrysophyceae) and distribution of M. pechlaneri in mountain lakes of Siberia

Mallomonas voloshkoae sp. nov. was described from Russia based on silica-scale morphology studied by means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy. This species belongs to the section Striatae and is characterised by scales with wide anterior flanges, forming wing-like extensions. This species is most similar in scale ultrastructure to M. pechlaneri. Mallomonas voloshkoae was reported in four mountain lakes of the Transbaikal area and was found in acidic to slightly acidic conditions with very low values of specific conductance. Mallomonas pechlaneri was reported in Russia for the first time. This is the first record of this species after the description of this taxon in Europe. Mallomonas pechlaneri was found in three oligotrophic habitats in the Altay and Sayan Mountain areas.

Prevention of COVID-19 Through Optimization of Tabi’at: A Unani Medicine’s Perspective

Background: Unani System of Medicine (USM) is one of the traditional systems of medicine practiced in India and the Indian subcontinent. It is a holistic system of health care based on inceptive principles applied by Hippocrates, Galen, and Ibn-e-Sina, the founders of present-day medicine. USM encompasses a distinct way of looking at the human body and it considers health to be the result of natural dynamic harmonious balance within the body. USM also recognizes the presence of inherent wisdom which is responsible for controlling all physiological functions, maintenance of health, restoration of health, and self-healing. This intrinsic ability of the body to restore health and the mechanism that activates the body’s healing process is called Tabi’at/ physis. The ultimate goal of prevention of disease can be obtained by optimization of tabi’at/physis, increasing the host defense. It can be achieved through the implication of asbab-e-sitta zarooriyah which includes some Unani Regimenal Therapies also, fostering change in lifestyle habits resulting in good health. Aims: In this raging pandemic all the therapeutic strategies are based on destroying the agent, breaking the means of transmission and immunization. Although we are leaving behind a huge gap in maintaining the host defense even though it has a crucial role in disease dynamics. In this paper, we have attempted to highlight the concept of tabi’at/Physis and its optimization to prevent this disease and its transmission. Methods: The authors had gone through classical Unani medical textbooks books related to the concept of tabi’at, asbab-e-sitta zarooriyah, and various modalities that help in health promotion and host defense. Important Unani medicine textbooks like Al Qanoon, Kamilus Sana’at, Kitab-al- Hawi, Al-asbab wa Alamat, Moalijat Buqratiya, Firdausul Hikmat and Kitabul Mansuri in addition to other published literature on the concerned subject was also reviewed for further clarification on the topic. Keywords: Unani System of Medicine, Tabi’at (physis), Host defense & Asbab-e- Sitta zarooriyah

Lexical Means of (Re)Creating of the Sound Effects in the Original and Translation: A Case Study Based on the Novel by J.-M. G. Le Clézio Ritournelle De La Faim

Discussion of the translation process is complex and fraught with pitfalls, especially when it concerns the notions of translation equivalence and adequacy. This issue is of crucial importance concerning the translation of literary works. This article is dedicated to the study of the fundamental problem which translators of all times and all countries encounter, that is, to convey the creative idea of the author of the original work without perverting it, to preserve, throughout the translation process, all the semantic and stylistic nuances which form its content. This is the question around which our research problem revolves. We study here the approaches chosen by the Ukrainian translator Yarema Kravets, in order to recreate in his translation, the sound image that J. M. G. Le Clézio succeeded in creating in his novel Ritournelle de la faim. In order to render this research more usable, we have adopted the following methodological approach, founded on these two axes: the collection of lexical units from the source text which serve to create the sound image; and the comparative analysis of the original text with its translation, of the novel by J. M. G. Le Clézio, Ritournelle de la faim, with the goal of recreating the sound of the source text by identifying its means of transmission. The anticipated result of the given study, which is dedicated to the recreation of the sound effects in the translation of the J. M. G. Le Clézio’s novel Ritournelle de la faim, will be either to confirm or refute our primary hypothesis: that the translation proposed by Y. Kravets respects the spirit and the letter of the source text.

Bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors: prevalence and control operations in Kellem Wollega, Western Ethiopia

A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and to assess farmers’ perception of the disease and its control operations. From October to April 2012, a total of 586 cattle were sampled for the prevalence study. Buffy coat procedure and haematocrit value determination were performed. To capture the fly that was involved in the transmission dynamics, one hundred monopyramidal traps were deployed for 72 hours. A semi-structured questionnaire was conducted to study farmers’ perceptions of the diseases and their control operations. Trypanosomal infections were diagnosed in only 8.7 % (51) of animals. The overall prevalence of trypanosome infection in cattle was significantly varied between study districts (33.1% Dale Sadi and 66.9% Dale Wabera). Most infections were due to Trypanosoma congolense (81.8%) followed by T. vivax (15.6%) and mixed infections (2.6%). The association of hematological value changes and trypanosome infections was profound. The overall Packed Cell Volume (PCV) values of sampled cattle were 25.8%. A significant (P< 0.05) variation in PCV values was recorded in infected (20.8%) and non-infected (26.5%) cattle. In the study period, a total of 2055 flies were captured and of which 92% belong to the genus Glossina followed by Stomoxys and Tabanids. Four types of tsetse species (G. pallidpes, G. m. morsitans, G. tachinoides, and G. f. fuscipes) were identified. The questionnaire survey revealed that trypanosomosis is the most important problem for agricultural activity and animal production in the study areas. Farmers are well aware of the problem, means of transmission, and the different control methods. Integrating tsetse control program with other trypanosomosis control options is recommended.

Code-based encryption techniques with distributed cluster head and energy consumption routing protocol

Fog computing and the Internet of Things (IoT) played a crucial role in storing data in the third-party server. Fog computing provides various resources to collect data by managing data security. However, intermediate attacks and data sharing create enormous security challenges like data privacy, confidentiality, authentication, and integrity issues. Various researchers introduce several cryptographic techniques; security is still significant while sharing data in the distributed environment. Therefore, in this paper, Code-Based Encryption with the Energy Consumption Routing Protocol (CBE-ECR) has been proposed for managing data security and data transmission protocols using keyed-hash message authentication. Initially, the data have been analyzed, and the distributed cluster head is selected, and the stochastically distributed energy clustering protocol is utilized for making the data transmission. Code-driven cryptography relies on the severity of code theory issues such as disorder demodulation and vibration required to learn equivalence. These crypto-systems are based on error codes to build a single-way function. The encryption technique minimizes intermediate attacks, and the data have protected all means of transmission. In addition to data security management, the introduced CBE-ECR reduces unauthorized access and manages the network lifetime successfully, leading to the effective data management of 96.17% and less energy consumption of 21.11% than other popular methods.The effectiveness of the system is compared to the traditional clustering techniques.

Knowledge of Rabies Vis-A-Vis Dog Bite Exposure among Non-Victimized People within Srinagar District of Kashmir Valley, India

Objective: People have low information regarding rabies and its prevention. Understanding community information on rabies is vitally attributable to their influence on post-exposure treatment-seeking behavior as community support is important for rabies bar and management program. Methods: The present study was carried in Srinagar district. Regarding perception of people interview schedule was formulated. As per Srinagar Municipal Corporation (SMC), the city is divided into two divisions; four zones and 34 wards. To exploit the diversity of population response, all the four zones were considered for the present investigation. Results: Regarding knowledge of non-victimized people it was seen they were aware, but they lacked a complete perception of rabies. The greater parts of respondents had heard of rabies (81.25%) and were awake of its spread through dog bites; however they lacked the information about the other animals transmitting rabies. This faction has enhanced communication and information regarding what is happening in their dwelling, counting dog bites as well. Bite was being mentioned (70.93%) by most of the respondents as a means of transmission but only some of the respondents mentioned scratches and licking as the method of transmission. This could due to lack of complete acuity of the disease rabies. In our community rabies is well-known as mad dog (halkaer houn) which is allied through aggression. Aggression was thus known by most of the respondents (35.20%) which is in stroke amid the verity that furious form of rabies is widespread in animals. Regarding about the treatment, the majority were aware that the SMHS (95.31%) hospital provides vaccines and the respondents didn’t choose any traditional methods. Some respondents knew about the need of prompt washing of the wound by water and soap (25%). Victims would seek medical attention, potentially due to fear of rabies. Conclusion: The good level of knowledge amongst the non-victims may be due to numerous reports of dog’s bites in Srinagar plus they were more educated. Factors influencing enhanced awareness and practices incorporated elevated socioeconomic rank and education signifying that the maximum menace of rabies is probable to fall on the mainly susceptible sectors of society, particularly poor members with slight or no proper education.

Ultrastructural Profile Combined with Immunohistochemistry of a Hepatic Progenitor Cell Line in Pediatric Autoimmune Hepatitis: New Insights into the Morphological Pattern of the Disease

Considering that the heterogenic population of a hepatic progenitor cell line (HPCL) can play a vital role in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), we decided to conduct pioneering retrospective evaluation of these cells in pediatric AIH by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The aim of the study was to assess the ultrastructure of the HPCL in children with untreated AIH. Ultrastructural analysis of the HPCL population, preceded by immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin 7 (CK7), was performed using pretreatment liver biopsies from 23 children with clinicopathologically diagnosed AIH. Immunohistochemical assessment for CK7 allowed detection of proliferating immature epithelial cells differentiating towards periportal and intralobular intermediate hepatocytes without marked formation of ductular reactions in AIH children. Using TEM, we distinguished three morphological types of HPCs: I—the most undifferentiated progenitor cells; III—intermediate hepatocyte-like cells; II—intermediate bile duct cells. Most frequent were the cells differentiating towards hepatocytes, most rare—those differentiating towards cholangiocytes. The results indicate that an HPCL may be an important source of hepatocyte regeneration. Ultrastructural analyses of the HPCL population, combined with immunohistochemistry for CK7, might be a useful tool to evaluate liver cell regeneration, including fibrogenesis, and may help better understand the morphological pattern of the disease, in pediatric AIH. Frequent appearance of an HPCL in the vicinity of fibrotic foci, often accompanied by hyperactive Kupffer cells and transitional hepatic stellate cells, may indicate their significant involvement in liver fibrogenesis.

Human Coronaviruses Do Not Transfer Efficiently between Surfaces in the Absence of Organic Materials

Human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, are known to spread mainly via close contact and respiratory droplets. However, other potential means of transmission may be present. Fomite-mediated transmission occurs when viruses are deposited onto a surface and then transfer to a subsequent individual. Surfaces can become contaminated directly from respiratory droplets or from a contaminated hand. Due to mask mandates in many countries around the world, the former is less likely. Hands can become contaminated if respiratory droplets are deposited on them (i.e., coughing or sneezing) or through contact with fecal material where human coronaviruses (HCoVs) can be shed. The focus of this paper is on whether human coronaviruses can transfer efficiently from contaminated hands to food or food contact surfaces. The surfaces chosen were: stainless steel, plastic, cucumber and apple. Transfer was first tested with cellular maintenance media and three viruses: two human coronaviruses, 229E and OC43, and murine norovirus-1, as a surrogate for human norovirus. There was no transfer for either of the human coronaviruses to any of the surfaces. Murine norovirus-1 did transfer to stainless steel, cucumber and apple, with transfer efficiencies of 9.19%, 5.95% and 0.329%, respectively. Human coronavirus OC43 transfer was then tested in the presence of fecal material, and transfer was observed for stainless steel (0.52%), cucumber (19.82%) and apple (15.51%) but not plastic. This study indicates that human coronaviruses do not transfer effectively from contaminated hands to contact surfaces without the presence of fecal material.

Ultrastructural Characterization of Human Oligodendrocytes and Their Progenitor Cells by Pre-embedding Immunogold

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. They provide trophic, metabolic, and structural support to neurons. In several pathologies such as multiple sclerosis (MS), these cells are severely affected and fail to remyelinate, thereby leading to neuronal death. The gold standard for studying remyelination is the g-ratio, which is measured by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Therefore, studying the fine structure of the oligodendrocyte population in the human brain at different stages through TEM is a key feature in this field of study. Here we study the ultrastructure of oligodendrocytes, its progenitors, and myelin in 10 samples of human white matter using nine different markers of the oligodendrocyte lineage (NG2, PDGFRα, A2B5, Sox10, Olig2, BCAS1, APC-(CC1), MAG, and MBP). Our findings show that human oligodendrocytes constitute a very heterogeneous population within the human white matter and that its stages of differentiation present characteristic features that can be used to identify them by TEM. This study sheds light on how these cells interact with other cells within the human brain and clarify their fine characteristics from other glial cell types.

Size and shape controlled synthesis of CdS and ZnS nanoparticles and their applications in photodegradation of organic dyes

Different size and shapes of CdS and ZnS nanoparticles have been synthesized, characterized and studied for photodegradation of organic dyes. In this study, effect of alkyl chain of dithiocarbamates was investigated for the size and shaped controlled CdS and ZnS nanoparticles. A thorough structural characterization of nanoparticles has been carried out by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, EDS, XRD, and UV/vis spectroscopy. Results showed that the alkyl chain in dithiocarbamate complexes of zinc and cadmium systems plays a significant role in the final morphology of the CdS and ZnS nanoparticles. A photocatalytic degradation of UV-irradiated Methylene Blue solutions in the presence of ZnS and CdS nanoparticles was studied in order to examine the nanoparticles influence on photodegradation rates.