Diamines, guanidinoamines, and their hydroxy derivatives in seeds and seedlings of leguminous plants

Two unusual amines corresponding to γ(3)-hydroxyagmatine and 2-hydroxyputrescine were detected in the mature seeds of vetch Vicia sativa, pea Pisum sativum, wisteria Wisteria floribunda, and red clover Trifolium pratense. These two amines were resistant to both acid hydrolysis and reduction with palladium – barium sulfate but were cleaved by periodate oxidation. The latter amine assigned as 2-hydroxyputrescine was produced by alkaline hydrolysis of the former amine, γ-hydroxyagmatine. This was metabolized by agmatine oxidase. Putrescine, cadaverine, and (or) agmatine levels increased, but the levels of the two hydroxyamines as well as methylagmatine remained unchanged during germination of 23 leguminous seeds. Key words: legume, seed, polyamine, hydroxy agmatine, hydroxyputrescine.

Download Full-text

Distribution of unusual polyamines in leguminous seeds

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b92-246 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 70 (10) ◽

pp. 1984-1990 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Koei Hamana ◽

Shigeru Matsuzaki ◽

Masaru Niitsu ◽

Keijiro Samejima

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

High Performance ◽

Trifolium Pratense ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Legume Seed ◽

Vicia Hirsuta ◽

Leguminous Seeds ◽

Mature Seeds

Polyamines of 18 leguminous mature seeds were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. Putrescine, spermidine, and spermine occurred ubiquitously and cadaverine, agmatine, and homospermidine were sporadically found in these seeds. Six unusual polyamines, i.e., canavalmine [NH2(CH2)4NH(CH2)3NH(CH2)4NH2], homospermine [NH2(CH2)4NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)4NH2], aminopropylcanavalmine [NH2(CH2)3NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)3NH(CH2)4NH2], thermospermine [NH2(CH2)3NH(CH2)3NH(CH2)4NH2], and aminopropylhomospermidine [NH2(CH2)3NH(CH2)4NH(CH2)4NH2] were found in the seeds of Pisum sativum. Thermospermine and aminopropylhomospermidine were also detected in the seeds of Vicia hirsuta and Trifolium pratense, respectively. An unusual tetraamine, norspermine [NH2(CH2)3NH(CH2)3NH(CH2)3NH2], was found in the seeds of Medicago sativa and Vicia faba. The seeds of Phaseolus coccineus contained homospermine and a tertiary branched pentaamine, N5-aminobutylhomospermine [NH2(CH2)4N((CH2)4NH2)(CH2)4NH(CH2)4NH2]. Key words: poly amine, legume, seed.

Download Full-text

Pollination effectiveness of European honeybee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae), in an Oriental persimmon, Diospyros kaki (Ericales: Ebenaceae), orchard

Applied Entomology and Zoology ◽

10.1007/s13355-020-00696-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 405-412

Author(s):

Shoko Nakamura ◽

Shunsuke Yamamoto ◽

Nobuo Sawamura ◽

Aoi Nikkeshi ◽

Shigeki Kishi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Apis Mellifera ◽

Trifolium Pratense ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Red Clover ◽

Diospyros Kaki ◽

Japanese Persimmon ◽

Pollination Effectiveness ◽

Mature Seeds ◽

European Honeybee ◽

Female Flowers

Abstract Most common cultivars of Oriental (or Japanese) persimmon, Diospyros kaki Thunb. (Ericales: Ebenaceae), set mostly female flowers and require pollen from male flowers of other cultivars for pollination. Growers often introduce the European honeybee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), into their orchards to promote pollination. Here, we investigated the pollination effectiveness of A. mellifera for D. kaki ‘Saijo,’ by monitoring flower visitors, analyzing pollen grains on bees’ body surfaces, and comparing the number of mature seeds in fruits among years with different pollinator availabilities. Apis mellifera and the bumblebee Bombus ardens ardens Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were the major visitors for 3 years, although their dominance varied among years. The number of mature seeds was positively correlated with the number of B. ardens ardens visiting D. kaki flowers, but not with that of A. mellifera. Apis mellifera might be less efficient because visitors to female flowers carried significantly fewer pollen grains on their body surfaces than those of B. ardens ardens. Analysis of pollen loads of honeybees captured at their nest entrance suggested their preference for red clover, Trifolium pratense L. (Fabales: Fabaceae), and Toxicodendron spp. (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae), over D. kaki as a pollen source in our study site. The effectiveness of A. mellifera on D. kaki pollination should be carefully evaluated considering the effects of coexisting floral and pollinator species.

Download Full-text

Hydrolysis of Plant Mannans by Rumen Protozoal Enzvmes

Australian Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1071/bi9690267 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 267 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

RW Bailey ◽

Blanche DE Gaillard

Keyword(s):

Trifolium Pratense ◽

Red Clover ◽

Rumen Microorganisms ◽

Polysaccharide Fraction ◽

Minor Constituents ◽

Rumen Microflora ◽

Pasture Plant ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Pasture Legume

Mannans or heteromannans (gluco-or galactoglucomannans) are commonly considered to be present in plants only in wood or associated with seeds. The present authors (Gaillard and Bailey 1968) have, however, recently isolated from the leaves and stems of red clover (Trifolium pratense) a polysaccharide fraction giving on hydrolysis galactose, glucose, mannose, and xylose (approximate ratios 1: 4�0: 2�0: 1�3), and which may, therefore, contain a mannan or heteromannan. This polysaccharide is designated "clover mannan" in the present work. Although apparently absent from grasses, such mannans may be common as minor constituents of pasture legume leaves and stems; for example, 1-2% of polymer mannose was reported present in lucerne (Hirst, MacKenzie, and Wylam 1959). Ivory nut (Phytelephas macrocarpa) mannan has been reported to be digested by ruminants (Beals and Lindsey 1916) and these pasture-plant mannans are probably also digested, presumably after hydrolysis by mannanases secreted by the rumen microflora. The only study of the action of rumen microorganisms on plant mannans appears to be that of Williams and Doetsch (1960), who isolated from the rumens of cows fed guaran (soluble galactomannan) several bacteria which could grow on this poly-saccharide and which secreted extracellular mannanase.

Download Full-text

Isolation, chemical characterization and biological activity of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) root saponins

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae ◽

10.5586/asbp.1986.025 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 247-252 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Wiesław Oleszek ◽

Marian Jurzysta

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Trifolium Pratense ◽

Glucuronic Acid ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Red Clover ◽

Wheat Seedling ◽

Fungistatic Activity ◽

Water Suspensions ◽

Trifolium Pratense L ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Crystalline saponins were isolated from red clover (<em>Trifolium pratense</em> L.) roots. They were a mixture of two glycosides showing no haemolytic or fungistatic activity. Acid hydrolysis of these saponins yielded soyasapogenols B. C. D. E and F and rhamnose. xylose, arabinose glucose and glucuronic acid as sugar components. They were poorly or not soluble in water and well soluble in ethanol. Water suspensions of these saponins did not affect winter wheat seedling growth.

Download Full-text

Breeding potential of the backcross progenies of a hybrid between Trifolium medium × T. pratense to T. pratense

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p01-034 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 82 (2) ◽

pp. 395-399 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Sachiko Isobe ◽

Akira Sawai ◽

Hidekazu Yamaguchi ◽

Mitsuru Gau ◽

Kazuhiro Uchiyama

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Seed Production ◽

Interspecific Hybridization ◽

Pollen Fertility ◽

Trifolium Pratense ◽

Red Clover ◽

Backcross Progeny ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Almost All ◽

Mature Seeds

In this study, T. medium (zigzag clover, 2n = 80 and T. pratense (red clover, 2n = 28) were hybridized and backcrossed four times to T. pratense (BC1, BC2, BC3and BC4), and the seed production and vigor of the backcross progenies were assessed under field conditions. Both female and pollen fertility of the backcross progenies increased as the backcross generations advanced. Female and pollen fertility of BC4 were 21.3 and 65.3%, respectively. When honeybees were used as pollinators, almost all BC4 plants produced mature seeds in the field. Most of the BC1, BC2, and BC3 plants died by the end of the fourth year in the field, whereas 61% of the BC4 plants survived for 4 yr. The number of chromosomes in 79% of the BC4 plants was more than 28, which is greater than that of T. pratense. Differences in leaflet size and shape between BC4 plants and T. pratense suggest that genes from T. medium were expressed in the BC4 plants. These results indicate that BC4 plants may be useful for the improvement of the persistence of T. pratense. Key words: Backcross progeny, breeding material, interspecific hybridization, Trifolium medium, Trifolium pratense

Download Full-text