Mechanisms promoting recovery from defoliation in goldenrod (Solidago altissima)

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
G A Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Solidago Altissima ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Area Loss ◽  
Compensatory Photosynthesis ◽  
Leaf Area Loss

Plant responses to defoliation were examined using Solidago altissima and a leaf-chewing beetle (Trirhabda sp.). Plants were exposed to five intensities of defoliation (ranging from 0 to 85% leaf area loss) and effects on carbon gain, vegetative growth, and flowering were determined. Defoliated plants partially restored their capacity for carbon gain in the following ways: (i) activity of damaged leaves remaining after defoliation was increased via delayed senescence and enhanced photosynthetic rates and (ii) regrowth leaves on damaged plants had higher specific leaf area (leaf area per leaf mass) than comparable leaves on undamaged plants, but photosynthetic rates per unit area were equivalent to controls; thus, these leaves covered more area for a given investment in biomass with no loss in activity per unit area. Delayed leaf senescence and compensatory photosynthesis are commonly observed following defoliation, but increased specific leaf area is not generally recognized as a mechanism contributing to plant regrowth. In spite of these changes, total carbon gain capacity of defoliated plants was still less than that of controls after 3 weeks of regrowth. Overall plant performance was reduced by defoliation. Defoliated stems grew at a slower rate early in the season, added fewer new leaves in the first few weeks after defoliation, and had fewer lateral stems throughout the season. Damaged plants delayed flowering and maintained height growth later into the season than undamaged plants. Damaged stems reached heights comparable with undamaged stems by the end of the season, but they were thinner and their flower production was lower. Declines in plant growth and flowering were linear functions of the percentage leaf area loss, suggesting that even low levels of insect feeding are likely to affect plant performance.Key words: Solidago altissima, Trirhabda, defoliation, compensatory photosynthesis, insect herbivory, herbivore damage, plant compensation.

Photosynthetic Physiology of Spur Pruned and Minimal Pruned Grapevines

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 309 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJS Downton ◽  
WJR Grant
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Photosynthetic Physiology ◽  
Area Development ◽  
Leaf Area Development

Canopy development, photosynthetic performance and yield characteristics of Riesling grapevines managed by either conventional spur pruning or minimal pruning were compared over a growing season. Leaf area development 4-5 weeks after budburst was 4-5-fold greater on the minimal pruned vines due to the 6-7-fold greater number of buds that burst to produce shoots. By time of flowering (8 weeks after budburst) there was less than a 2-fold difference between the pruning treatments in leaf area per vine. At time of harvest the leaf area of spur pruned vines on a Y-shaped trellis exceeded that of minimal pruned vines. Average photosynthetic rates of leaves on shoots on minimal pruned vines were 40% higher than on spur pruned vines at 4 weeks after budburst, but average rates were similar the following week and thereafter. Calculated instantaneous photosynthetic rates for entire vines were 3-6-fold higher for the minimal pruned vines at 4-5 weeks after budburst. However, by time of flowering, vines in both treatments had similar photosynthetic rates. At harvest, spur pruned vines showed somewhat greater instantaneous carbon gain than minimal pruned vines. Carbon gain per vine per day estimated from hourly measurements of irradiance over the canopy showed a similar trend to the instantaneous rates. Leaf conductances did not differ with pruning treatment. Calculated instantaneous water loss per vine was 2-5-fold higher for minimal pruned vines 4-5 weeks after budburst, but from flowering onwards spur pruned vines were likely to use more water than minimal pruned vines. Minimal pruned vines yielded twice the quantity of fruit of spur pruned vines, but only one-quarter the dry weight of new canes. Total carbon invested in fruit, new canes and leaves, however, was similar in both pruning treatments, accounting for 60-70% of the estimated carbon gain by the vines.

Abundance of leafminers and leaf area loss by chewing herbivores in hybrids between Quercus crispula and Quercus dentata

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 2501-2507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahide A Ishida ◽  
Kouhei Hattori ◽  
Masahito T Kimura
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Quercus Crispula ◽  
Species Dominance ◽  
Area Loss ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
Sap Feeding ◽  
Leaf Area Loss ◽  
Quercus Dentata ◽  
Northern Japan

We examined responses of phytophagous insects to hybrids between Quercus crispula Blume and Quercus dentata Thunberg in a natural population in northern Japan. The abundance of leafminers and leaf area loss by chewing insects in hybrids were intermediate between those in the parental species (additive mode), close to those of either of the parental species (dominance mode), or similar to those of both parental species (no difference). Hybrids were neither more susceptible nor resistant to the insect herbivores we monitored. In Phyllonorycter (Gracillariidae) species, which are specialized to either of the parental oak species, the mortality of sap-feeding early instar larvae did not differ between hybrids and the parental species. The abundance of four leafminer taxa was correlated with environmental conditions (i.e., distance from the coastal edge of the forest or the timing of budbreak) as well as genetic factors.

scholarly journals Does insect herbivory suppress ecosystem productivity? Evidence from a temperate woodland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristiina Visakorpi ◽  
Sofia Gripenberg ◽  
Yadvinder Malhi ◽  
Terhi Riutta
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
Ecosystem Productivity ◽  
Area Loss ◽  
Leaf Area Loss ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractOur current understanding of the relationship between insect herbivory and ecosystem productivity is limited. Previous studies have typically quantified only leaf area loss, or have been conducted during outbreak years. These set-ups often ignore the physiological changes taking place in the remaining plant tissue after insect attack, or may not represent typical, non-outbreak herbivore densities. Here, we estimate the amount of carbon lost to insect herbivory in a temperate deciduous woodland both through leaf area loss and, notably, through changes in leaf gas exchange in non-consumed leaves under non-outbreak densities of insects. We calculate how net primary productivity changes with decreasing and increasing levels of herbivory, and estimate what proportion of the carbon involved in the leaf area loss is transferred further in the food web. We estimate that the net primary productivity of an oak stand under ambient levels of herbivory is 54 - 69% lower than that of a completely intact stand. The effect of herbivory quantified only as leaf area loss (0.1 Mg C ha−1 yr−1) is considerably smaller than when the effects of herbivory on leaf physiology are included (8.5 Mg C ha−1 yr−1). We propose that the effect of herbivory on primary productivity is non-linear and mainly determined by changes in leaf gas exchange. We call for replicated studies in other systems to validate the relationship between insect herbivory and ecosystem productivity described here.

Quantitative analysis of leaf area loss caused by insects: A method combining photography and electronic image processing

1990 ◽  
Vol 109 (1-5) ◽  
pp. 182-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Baur ◽  
A. Fritschy ◽  
R. Camenzind ◽  
G. Benz
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Area Loss ◽  
Leaf Area Loss

scholarly journals Serpentine leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii) on potato (Solanum tuberosum): field observations and plant photosynthetic responses to injury

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1510-1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeney de Freitas Bueno ◽  
Benjamin Zechmann ◽  
William Wyatt Hoback ◽  
Regiane Cristina Oliveira de Freitas Bueno ◽  
Odair Aparecido Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Liriomyza Trifolii ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Photosynthetic Responses ◽  
Leaf Area Loss ◽  
Serpentine Leafminer ◽  
Type Of Injury ◽  
Early Leaf Senescence

Serpentine leafminers, Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae), are polyphagous insects that feed on numerous crops worldwide including potato. Recently, leafminer larvae (Liriomyza trifolii) have become an economically important pest of potato. The larvae eat the mesophyll of leaflets leaving long winding tunnels inside the leaflets. The photosynthetic effects of larval tunneling on the remaining leaf tissue are unknown. In 2003, physiological responses of potato to leafminer, L. trifolii were evaluated in Kearney, Nebraska, USA. The leaflets were examined 7 and 14 days post infestation for leaf area injury, photosynthetic rates and fluorescence. Leafminers caused up to 13% leaf area loss due to leafminer injury with no effect on the photosynthetic rates of the remaining leaf tissue thus having similar effects as other gross tissue removers. However, fluorescence measures revealed changes in the photosynthetic efficiency and depend of the type of injury, it may lead to early leaf senescence. Field monitoring of L. trifolii infestations showed that treatments with abamectin were effective in reducing leafminer numbers and had no immediate effect on beneficial parasitoid from Eulophidae family suggesting that abamectin is a good option for chemical control.

scholarly journals Vegetative Flush Development and Leaf Area Contribution to Citrus Canopies

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 770C-770
Author(s):  
L. Gene Albrigo
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Citrus Leafminer ◽  
Area Loss ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Florida Citrus ◽  
Leaf Area Loss

The recent infestation of Florida citrus by the Asian citrus leafminer required that more information be obtained about the time interval for a flush to expand and the leaf area contributed by flushes in seasons when leafminer populations are likely to increase and cause leaf area loss. Time for leaf and shoot expansion was determined for spring and summer flush. Leaf area contribution from previous-year and current flushes was determined by seasonal tagging and measuring leaf area for flush in frame areas of 1/4 m2 surface projected to the center of the tree. Flush of 1/3 m length required 30 days to expand from first leaf feathers to full expansion. Summer flush in 1994 was 40% to 45% of total leaf area. Spring and previous year's flush averaged 20% each. Fall flush contributed 5% to 12% to leaf area, more on young, low-bearing trees. Summer flush resulted in more canopy leaf area and previous year's flushes less leaf area than expected by the end of the growing season.

Effects of light intensity and artificial wounding on monoterpene production in Myrica cerifera from two different ecological habitats

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (10) ◽  
pp. 1501-1508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Wang ◽  
David E Lincoln
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Myrica Cerifera ◽  
Area Loss ◽  
Leaf Area Loss ◽  
Artificial Wounding

The contributions of multiple factors to plant defense and herbivory in different habitats has received limited study. This study examines the contributions of genotypic differentiation and modification by physical factors to chemical defense and herbivory of Myrica cerifera L. in contrasting habitats. The constitutive leaf monoterpene content of M. cerifera was higher in a sunny habitat than in an adjacent shady habitat at a southeastern USA coastal site. Leaf area loss was higher in the shady habitat than in the sunny habitat. A significant negative correlation of monoterpene content and leaf area loss suggests that monoterpenes may play toxic or deterrent roles in these plants. When plants from the two habitats were grown under uniform greenhouse conditions, the contents and compositions of leaf monoterpenes were not significantly different, implying that two ecotypes were not involved. The plants treated in high light intensity had significantly higher monoterpene content, higher growth rate, and denser glandular trichomes than the plants treated in low light intensity. Artificial wounding induced a significant increase of monoterpene production. However, the wounding responses of the plants from the two habitats were not different, nor did irradiance modify the response.Key words: ecotype, herbivory, light intensity, monoterpenes, wounding induction, Myrica cerifera.

Fungal and Insect Parasites Contributing to Niche Differentiation in Mixed Species Stands of Eucalypt Saplings

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Burdon ◽  
GA Chilvers
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Host Preference ◽  
Niche Differentiation ◽  
Phytophagous Insects ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Area Loss ◽  
Fungal Parasites ◽  
Leaf Area Loss ◽  
Insect Parasites

Parasitic damage to the leading shoot of young regrowth eucalypts was found to vary considerably between trees and between different stands but it averaged greater than 20 % 'effective leaf area loss' overall. Many fungal parasites and some of the phytophagous insects responsible for this damage exhibited host specificity or host preference towards trees of a particular subgenus of Eucalyptus. These findings are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that parasites play an important role in the maintenance of stable associations between codominant species of Eucalyptus.

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