Differences in stem taper of black alder (Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata) by origin

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 581-588
Author(s):  
Krishna P. Poudel ◽  
Ramazan Özçelik ◽  
Hakkı Yavuz

Black alder (Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata (C.A. Mey.) Yalt.) is an important tree species in Turkey both economically and ecologically. Accurate taper and volume equations are required by most inventory systems to estimate upper stem diameter, form, and tree volume. Stem analysis data were used to examine the differences in taper and volume of black alder trees grown in naturally regenerated, plantation, and coppice stands. Statistically significant differences were observed in taper and volume of black alder trees grown in stands from these three origins. Error in total stem volume inside bark was the greatest when the taper model was fitted to plantation data and applied to seed data compared with the model fitted to coppice data and applied to seed data. Therefore, to accurately predict upper stem diameter and total or merchantable stem volume, in addition to selecting species-specific taper models, forest managers should consider the origin of the model-fitting data when choosing an appropriate taper model for their stands.

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 887-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. Newton ◽  
V. G. Smith

Five self-thinning exponents (ηi, i = 1,…,5) for the asymptotic total stem volume – density relationship within black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) stands were estimated and compared: (i) the empirically observed value (η1); (ii) η2 = −[(2 + α)/2β] + 1, where α and β are species-specific allometric exponents for the relationship between stem height and stem diameter, and crown basal diameter and stem diameter, respectively; (iii) η3 = −(2.5/2β) + 1; (iv) η4 = −{l/[2(0.5 − 0.5δ)]} + 1, where δ is the allometric exponent for the relationship between mean stem height and mean stem volume; and (v) η5 = −[(ε + 1)/ζ] + 1, where ε and ζ are stem and crown form exponents, respectively. Employing data derived from 27 permanent and 21 temporary sample plots situated on medium sites throughout central Newfoundland, thinning, allometric, and form exponents were estimated. Resultant exponents were as follows: η1 = −0.618 estimated by principal component analysis; η2 = −1.633, where α = 0.682 and β = 0.509; η3 = −1.454; η4 = −0.470, where δ = 0.320; and η5 = −0.528, where ε = 2.144 and ζ = 2.058. Hence two numerically distinct sets of thinning exponents were obtained: A = {η1, η4, η5} and B = {η2, η3}. Set A corresponds to commonly observed or expected values, whereas set B exhibits substantial departure. It is proposed that the underlying allometric relationships employing stem diameter are partially responsible for these set differences.


2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeongmo Son ◽  
Jinteak Kang ◽  
Juhyeon Jeon ◽  
Chiung Ko

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 558
Author(s):  
Emilia-Adela Salca ◽  
Tomasz Krystofiak ◽  
Barbara Lis ◽  
Salim Hiziroglu

The objective of this study was to evaluate the glossiness of black alder wood (Alnus glutinosa L.) samples coated with two varnish types as a function of exposure to dry heat and artificial aging. The chemical resistance of the coated samples to cold liquids was also evaluated. Based on the findings in this work, it appears that the varnish types and their structural differences influenced the overall glossiness of the coated samples. The UV varnish exhibited higher gloss values than those coated with the water-borne product within the range of silky gloss and silky matte grades. The heat exposure influenced the surface glossiness of the UV-coated samples more than the samples coated with water-borne varnish. The overall gloss values of the samples decreased with the exposure time to artificial aging, resulting in no layer cracks. The cold household liquids left less visible traces on the surfaces and alcohol was found to be the strongest agent. This study could have practical applications in the furniture industry to produce value-added furniture units according to their specific conditions of indoor use.


2020 ◽  
Vol 144 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 378-378
Author(s):  
Simon Lendvai ◽  
Jurij Diaci ◽  
Dušan Roženbergar
Keyword(s):  

Područje poplavnih šuma crne johe (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) u Sloveniji čini samo 0,4 % (približno 4708 ha) ukupne površine šumskog zemljišta (Čater i sur., 2001.). Veći kompleks takvih sastojina u Sloveniji su Črni i Polanski Log, a istraživanje je provedeno na području potonjeg (slika 1). Kako čiste sastojine johe odlikuju brojne specifičnosti, potrebno im je prilagoditi šumskouzgojne postupke. Da bi se utvrdio odgovarajući intenzitet prorjede takvih sastojina, 1967. godine u Polanskom Logu postavljene su pokusne plohe. Od tada do 2018. godine na plohama je izvršeno pet do sedam mjerenja. Sva stabla na plohama su bila obrojčana. Izvršeno je mjerenje prsnih promjera i procjena sljedećih elemenata na stablima: pripadnost etaži, vitalnost, uzgojna perspektiva, uzgojna uloga, duljina krošnje i kvaliteta (tablica 3). Svaka ploha bila je podijeljena u tri polja (40 x 50 m) s različitim metodama rada: bez intervencije, umjereno i intenzivno prorjeđivanje. Uzgojni postupci koji su poduzeti tijekom praćenja pokusa prikazani su u tablici 2. Danas su te sastojine u zreloj fazi razvoja, stoga smo u ovom radu analizirali reakcije crne johe na različite intenzitete prorjeđivanja i dobivene rezultate usporedili s preporukama autora tradicionalnih uzgojnih modela i modela koji se temelje na situacijskoj njezi šuma. Ustanovili smo da se na plohama s intenzivnim prorjeđivanjem gustoća sastojine koja je u dobi između 50 i 70 godina i na kraju je ophodnje kreće od 295 do 690 kom/ha (slika 3), dok se na plohama bez intervencije ova vrijednost kreće u rasponu od 370 do 790 kom/ha. Drvne zalihe u istom su se razdoblju kretale u rasponu od 277 do 458 m<sup>3</sup>/ha na plohama s intenzivnim prorjeđivanjem, dok su na plohama bez intervencije bile veće, u rasponu od 309 do 516 m<sup>3</sup>/ha (slika 4). U to su se doba temeljnice nalazile u rasponu između 23 i 41 m<sup>2</sup>/ha na plohama s intenzivnim prorjeđivanjem, a na plohama bez intervencije u rasponu od 26 do čak 51 m<sup>2</sup>/ha (slika 5). Tijekom cijelog razdoblja praćenja ploha, stabla su, bez obzira na metodu rada, narasla za tri do četiri debljinska stupnja (slika 2). Na plohama s umjerenim prorjeđivanjem i onima bez intervencije, debljinski prirast stabala bio je skoro jednak (0,33 cm godišnje) (slika 6). Statistički je značajan veći debljinski prirast stabala na plohama s jako intenzivnim prorjeđivanjem (0,37 cm godišnje). Debljinski prirast dominantnih stabala bio je nešto veći, od 0,46 cm godišnje na plohama bez intervencije do 0,50 cm godišnje na plohama s jako intenzivnim prorjeđivanjem, ali statistički značajne razlike između metoda rada nisu utvrđene (slika 6). Međutim, otkrili smo da kod dominantnih stabala ne postoje statistički značajne razlike s obzirom na njihovu slojevitost, vitalnost, tendenciju, dužinu krošnje i kvalitete s obzirom na korištenu metodu rada. U usporedbi s uzgojnim modelima koji su se koristili za manji broj odabranih stabla, gustoća i temeljnica ispitivanih sastojina je znatno veća, a debljinski prirast manji. Autori tradicionalnih i modela s manjim brojem odabranih stabala zagovaraju rano prorjeđivanje takvih sastojina (tablica 1). Veće razlike nastaju u konačnom broju stabala po hektaru i u intenzitetu intervencije. Razlog malog debljinskog prirasta i razlike između metoda rada na našim plohama pripisali smo nedovoljnom intenzitetu i djelomično nedosljednoj provedbi postupka prorjeđivanja. Ipak, ukazala se potreba za intenzivnim prorjeđivanjem i pospješivanjem rasta stabala najvećeg prsnog promjera, vitalnosti i tendencije, lijepo oblikovane i duge krošnje (slika 7, slika 8).


2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1721-1737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liza M. Roger ◽  
Annette D. George ◽  
Jeremy Shaw ◽  
Robert D. Hart ◽  
Malcolm Roberts ◽  
...  

Abstract. The shells of two marine bivalve species (Fulvia tenuicostata and Soletellina biradiata) endemic to south Western Australia have been characterised using a combined crystallographic, spectroscopic and geochemical approach. Both species have been described previously as purely aragonitic; however, this study identified the presence of three phases, namely aragonite, calcite and Mg-calcite, using XRD analysis. Data obtained via confocal Raman spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) show correlations between Mg ∕ S and Mg ∕ P in F. tenuicostata and between Sr ∕ S and S ∕ Ba in S. biradiata. The composition of the organic macromolecules that constitute the shell organic matrix (i.e. the soluble phosphorus-dominated and/or insoluble sulfur-dominated fraction) influences the incorporation of Mg, Sr and Ba into the crystal lattice. Ionic substitution, particularly Ca2+ by Mg2+ in calcite in F. tenuicostata, appears to have been promoted by the combination of both S- and P-dominated organic macromolecules. The elemental composition of these two marine bivalve shells is species specific and influenced by many factors, such as crystallographic structure, organic macromolecule composition and environmental setting. In order to reliably use bivalve shells as proxies for paleoenvironmental reconstructions, both the organic and inorganic crystalline material need to be characterised to account for all influencing factors and accurately describe the vital effect.


2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Skrzecz ◽  
Alicja Sowińska ◽  
Wojciech Janiszewski

Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of using botanic antifeedants to reduce the damage caused by Melolontha spp. grubs. To achieve the objective, the experiments were established in semi-field conditions to estimate the antifeedant activity of rutin, quercetin (flavonoids from buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum) and an extract from black alder Alnus glutinosa leaves against Melolontha melolontha grubs. The grubs were placed individually in the pots with a soil in which 2 year old Pinus sylvestris trees were planted. The pots were put in garden pavilions placed in the open area. Then the soil in the pots were watered with the emulsions of rutin, quercetin, an extract from A. glutinosa leaves, and with pure water-comparative variant. After 4 months, the weight and mortality of grubs were compared, as well as the weight of tree roots in all pots. There was no effect of the antifeedants on the development and extent of damage caused by M. melolontha grubs. The results do not indicate the use of botanic antifeedants in the protection of forests against the cockchafer grubs


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