Implications of temporal and spatial scale for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) research

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (S1) ◽  
pp. 9-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol L Folt ◽  
Keith H Nislow ◽  
Mary E Power
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Research Strategies ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Dependent Processes

The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a model species for studying scale issues (i.e., the extent, duration, and resolution of a study or natural process) in ecology. Major shifts in behavior and habitat use over ontogeny, along with a relatively long life span and large dispersal and migration distances, make scale issues critical for effective conservation, management, and restoration of this species. The scale over which a process occurs must be linked to the research design and we illustrate this with a discussion of resource tracking by Atlantic salmon. Identifying scale inconsistencies (e.g., when a process is evident at one scale but not another) is shown to be an effective means by which some scale-dependent processes are understood. We review the literature to assess the temporal and spatial scales used in Atlantic salmon research and find most current studies appear to sacrifice spatial and temporal extent for increased resolution. Finally, we discuss research strategies for expanding the temporal and spatial scales in salmon research, such as conducting multiple scales studies to elucidate scale inconsistencies, identifying mechanisms, and using techniques and approaches to generalize across studies and over time and space.

scholarly journals Congruence between automatic fish counter data and rod catches of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Scottish rivers

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 808-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Thorley ◽  
D.M.R. Eatherley ◽  
A.B. Stephen ◽  
I. Simpson ◽  
J.C. MacLean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Residual Variation ◽  
Term Variation ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Counter Data

Abstract The potential utility of rod catch and automatic fish counter data as measures of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) abundance in Scottish rivers was assessed. The trend (long-term) and residual (short-term) variation in the net annual count for 12 counters were compared with the trend and residual variation in either the annual or spring (February–May) rod catch, as appropriate, for the fisheries district in which the counter is located. Trends were fitted using a cubic smoothing spline and compared using reference bands. In eight of the 12 short-term comparisons, the residuals were significantly correlated. The four incongruent short-term comparisons involved the shortest time-series (≤12 years) or lowest rod catches. In eight of the 12 long-term comparisons, the trends fell within the reference bands in 50% or more of the years. Rod catch and counter data both contain useful information about Atlantic salmon abundance, albeit on different temporal and spatial scales, which should be integrated into assessment schemes.

Freshwater habitat of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 497-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnès Bardonnet ◽  
Jean-Luc Baglinière
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Habitat Requirements ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Freshwater Habitat ◽  
Geomorphological Unit ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

This perspective summarizes our knowledge of the freshwater habitat of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The article is organized by life stage and identifies areas where more research is needed. For example, little is known of the kelt and presmolt life stages despite their importance in stock maintenance. We also believe that further investigation is required to assess the relevance of variables currently used to characterize habitat and that more attention should be focussed on adult and embryo-larva habitat requirements. We also discuss the fact that the majority of research is directed at habitat at the micro (i.e., immediate area around the fish) and macro scales (area of the geomorphological unit), while the influence of habitat at higher spatial scales should also be considered.

Population genetics and the conservation and management of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (S1) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Gene Frequencies ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Major Floods

Molecular genetics provides data with temporal and spatial scales unavailable from other disciplines. Patterns of genetic diversity are influenced by adaptive, environmental, and stochastic factors. The rate of change in genetic markers allows investigations of diversity on temporal scales resulting from recent history (hundreds of years) to deep evolutionary time (millions of years). Cryptic spatial population structure is often revealed by molecular markers. Phylogeographic analysis of genes within populations can unite demographics with glaciation, uplift, climatic shifts, or major floods. Historically, the application of genetic markers has been largely limited to analyses of gene frequencies and patterns of diversity. The consequences of genetic rarity are controversial in relationship to endangerment or patterns of extinction. However, it is widely recognized that genes reflect a species' evolutionary past and represent the raw material underlying the diversity of biological expression throughout a species' range. DNA provides the architecture necessary for a species' adaptation and future survival. Conservation of this evolutionary legacy is important considering anthropomorphic manipulation of a species and the environment upon which it depends. In this paper I investigate evolution and genetic variation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) based on the current literature. I further discuss conservation and restoration questions using molecular markers.

Context-dependent responses of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to forestry activities at multiple spatial scales within a river basin

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
pp. 1069-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Deschênes ◽  
Marco A Rodríguez ◽  
Pierre Bérubé
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Environmental Features ◽  
Multiple Spatial Scales ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Logging Effects ◽  
Study Sites

We used classification trees and regression trees to relate the incidence and density of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to forestry activities measured at four spatial scales (subbasin and 8, 2, and 0.5 km radii upstream of study sites) and environmental features in 120 stream reaches of the Cascapedia River basin, Québec, Canada. At all scales, incidence increased with reach size and accessibility to the reach from the river mainstem. Incidence declined with areal coverage of logging at all scales, but only in larger reaches. The time horizon over which logging effects were detected increased with spatial scale. At all scales, density in salmon-bearing reaches increased with accessibility. Density in more accessible reaches was negatively related to logging over the preceding 9 years at the subbasin and 8 km scales, but no effects of logging on density were detected at the 2 and 0.5 km scales. Overall, apparent effects of logging activities on salmon incidence and density were mostly negative and strong, but were both markedly scale-dependent and conditional on environmental context.

Interactions of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and trout (Salvelinus fontinalis and Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Vermont tributaries of the Connecticut River

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J Raffenberg ◽  
Donna L Parrish
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Connecticut River ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Competitive interactions among stream salmonids in resource-limited environments have been linked to reduced success for many species. Few studies have focused on interactions at scales larger than individual fish or stream reach. We chose to focus our study on these larger scales to provide information for managing species that have complex life histories transcending multiple scales. Our objective was to explore age-0 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) growth and survival in relation to trout abundance (introduced rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and native brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) trout) and prey resources at 24 stream reaches across two Vermont watersheds that flow into the Connecticut River. Simple linear and multilinear regressions were conducted on response and predictor variables related to fish and invertebrate prey. Age-0 Atlantic salmon survival was greatest at the site with highest trout abundance; however, no linear relationships to trout abundance were detected possibly because Atlantic salmon growth and survival were highly variable across sites. In contrast, a positive significant multivariate relationship was identified among age-0 Atlantic salmon survival, the abundance of age-1+ brook trout (i.e., 100–130 mm), and benthic prey abundance. These results suggest that stocking streams based on trout abundance may not increase Atlantic salmon growth and survival during the first summer of life.

Survival and migration speed of radio-tagged Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts in two large rivers: one without and one with dams

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. 1177-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riina Huusko ◽  
Pekka Hyvärinen ◽  
Mikko Jaukkuri ◽  
Aki Mäki-Petäys ◽  
Panu Orell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Regulated River ◽  
Migration Speed ◽  
Regulated Rivers ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Hydropower Plants ◽  
Similar Survival ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Sea Area

Connectivity problems in fish migration in regulated rivers have been widely studied, but few studies have rigorously compared parallel migration success between regulated and free-flowing rivers. Here, survival and migration speed of downstream migrating radio-tagged Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts were studied in two large neighboring rivers in the northern Baltic Sea area: one without and one with dams. Both rivers have a free-flowing upper section, where the survival and migration speed of salmon smolts were similar. Survival along the lower section of the free-flowing river was about six times higher than in the lower part of the regulated river with five hydropower plants. Migration speed of smolts was also significantly faster in the river without dams. These severe problems in downstream connectivity in the regulated river pose challenging tasks for restoration of salmon populations.

scholarly journals Survival and behaviour of migrating Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) kelts in river, estuarine, and coastal habitat

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 1626-1634 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bradford Hubley ◽  
Peter G. Amiro ◽  
A. Jamie F. Gibson ◽  
Gilles L. Lacroix ◽  
Anna M. Redden
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Downstream Migration ◽  
Natural Mortality ◽  
Lower Estuary ◽  
Coastal Habitat ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
River Estuarine ◽  
Rate Of Returns

Abstract Hubley, P. B., Amiro, P. G., Gibson, A. J. F., Lacroix, G. L., and Redden, A. M. 2008. Survival and behaviour of migrating Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) kelts in river, estuarine, and coastal habitat. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1626–1634. The downstream migration of 30 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) kelts tagged with acoustic transmitters was monitored using 26 underwater receivers at eight locations from April to October 2006 in the LaHave River and Estuary. In all, 27 tags were detected as they left the coastal environment by the middle of May, 5 weeks after release, indicating a possible 90% kelt survival to coastal departure. Two missing tags and one dropped tag were assumed to be attributable to natural mortality in the estuary. Migration time from release to the outermost coastal receivers 24 km below the tide limit took an average of 14 d, but varied from 3 to 32 d. Some 40% of the kelts lingered and were active in the lower estuary. Five kelts monitored with depth transmitters migrated mostly at the surface in all habitats, with occasional brief descent to the bottom. A consecutive spawning salmon returned after 79 d outside the outermost array. The low rate of returns is consistent with the historical repeat spawning schedule for this river, and more precisely documents the temporal and spatial habitat use of migrating kelts.

Genetic Protein Variation in Natural Populations of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in Scotland: Temporal and Spatial Variation

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1863-1872 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Jordan ◽  
A. F. Youngson ◽  
D. W. Hay ◽  
A. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Genetic Heterogeneity ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Population Heterogeneity ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Levels of temporal and spatial genetic heterogeneity within and among Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations in Scotland were assessed through starch-gel electrophoretic analysis of variation at 30 protein-coding loci. Over three year-classes the level of temporal variation within populations was generally nonsignificant, although significant heterogeneity among year-classes was found at some loci at some locations. Hierarchical analysis of gene diversity showed that 97.6% of the genetic diversity was found within single sites, with the remaining diversity distributed among sites. While there was no evidence of subpopulation differentiation among a number of samples of Atlantic salmon from the River Tweed system, significant genetic heterogeneity was observed among samples from different river systems within Scotland. Comparison of the levels of among-population heterogeneity in the Atlantic salmon with those found in the closely related brown trout (Salmo trutta) over a similar geographical area shows the Atlantic salmon to be relatively genetically homogeneous.

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