Observations of soil freezing and frost heave at Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada: Reply

Field observations of soil temperature, moisture regime, and frost heave in silty clay hummocks at Inuvik, Northwest Territories, over the fall and early winter reveal that a significant amount of moisture migration and frost heave occurs within frozen soil at temperatures down to −2.4°C. The field data are analysed using thermodynamic considerations, and the apparent hydraulic conductivity is determined as a function of negative temperature. The conductivity falls from near 7 × 10−9 m s−1 above 0 °C to about 3.5 × 10−12 m s−1 at −1 °C, then remains fairly constant down to −2.4 °C. The observed decrease in heave with time is explained in terms of a diminishing water supply at the base of the active layer.

Observations of soil freezing and frost heave at Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada: Discussion

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences ◽

10.1139/e86-046 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 436-437

Author(s):

J. F. (Derick) Nixon

Keyword(s):

Northwest Territories ◽

Soil Freezing ◽

Frost Heave

Field Frost Heave Prediction Related to Ice Segregation Processes During Soil Freezing

Annals of Glaciology ◽

10.3189/1985aog6-1-87-91 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 87-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Masami Fukuda ◽

Seiiti Kinosita

Keyword(s):

Soil Freezing ◽

Frost Heave ◽

Heave Prediction ◽

Ice Segregation

Separate-ice frost heave model for one-dimensional soil freezing process

Acta Geotechnica ◽

10.1007/s11440-017-0579-4 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 207-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Guo-qing Zhou ◽

Yang Zhou ◽

Kun Hu ◽

Yi-jiang Wang ◽

Xiang-yu Shang

Keyword(s):

Soil Freezing ◽

Frost Heave ◽

Freezing Process ◽

One Dimensional

Water flow induced by soil freezing

Canadian Geotechnical Journal ◽

10.1139/t77-024 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 237-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Wayne D. Arvidson ◽

Norbert R. Morgenstern

Keyword(s):

Freezing Temperature ◽

Soil Freezing ◽

Frost Heave ◽

Freezing Front ◽

Overburden Pressure ◽

Soil Frost ◽

Freezing Soil ◽

Volumetric Expansion ◽

Pressure Water

A study to observe the effects of overburden pressure and other parameters on the freezing behavior of a saturated soil was undertaken. A linear relationship between effective overburden pressure and the flow of water into or out of a freezing soil was observed. The effective pressure at which no flow occurred was termed the shutoff pressure. At pressures less than the shutoff pressure water was sucked to the freezing front resulting in segregated ice, ice lensing, and heaving. This heaving could significantly exceed the heave due to the volumetric expansion of the in situ porewater. At pressures greater than the shutoff pressure water was expelled from the freezing front thereby reducing the volume of in situ water and resulting in a relatively small amount of heave. Shutoff pressure was observed to depend on soil type, stress history, and freezing temperature. The effects of overburden pressure upon flow of water in a freezing soil and frost heave were recommended as additional criteria for assessing soil frost susceptibility.

A Numerical Approach to Simulate Soil Freezing and Frost Heave behind an Earth Retaining Structure

Computing in Civil Engineering ◽

10.1061/9780784413029.039 ◽

2013 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ming Zhu ◽

Radoslaw L. Michalowski

Keyword(s):

Numerical Approach ◽

Soil Freezing ◽

Frost Heave ◽

Retaining Structure

The Modelling of Freezing Process in Saturated Soil Based on the Thermal-Hydro-Mechanical Multi-Physics Field Coupling Theory

Water ◽

10.3390/w12102684 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 2684

Author(s):

Dawei Lei ◽

Yugui Yang ◽

Chengzheng Cai ◽

Yong Chen ◽

Songhe Wang

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Hydraulic Conductivity ◽

Void Ratio ◽

Soil Column ◽

Soil Freezing ◽

Frost Heave ◽

Freezing Process ◽

Soil Particles ◽

Initial Void Ratio ◽

Freezing Depth

The freezing process of saturated soil is studied under the condition of water replenishment. The process of soil freezing was simulated based on the theory of the energy and mass conservation equations and the equation of mechanical equilibrium. The accuracy of the model was verified by comparison with the experimental results of soil freezing. One-side freezing of a saturated 10-cm-high soil column in an open system with different parameters was simulated, and the effects of the initial void ratio, hydraulic conductivity, and thermal conductivity of soil particles on soil frost heave, freezing depth, and ice lenses distribution during soil freezing were explored. During the freezing process, water migrates from the warm end to the frozen fringe under the actions of the temperature gradient and pore pressure. During the initial period of freezing, the frozen front quickly moves downward, the freezing depth is about 5 cm after freezing for 30 h, and the final freezing depth remains about 6 cm. The freezing depth of the soil column is affected by soil porosity and thermal conductivity, but the final freezing depth mainly depends on the temperatures of the top and lower surfaces. The frost heave is mainly related to the amount of water migration. The relationship between the amount of frost heave and the hydraulic conductivity is positively correlated, and the thickness of the stable ice lens is greatly affected by the hydraulic conductivity. With the increase of the hydraulic conductivity and initial void ratio, the formation of ice lenses in the soil become easier. With the increase of the initial void ratio and thermal conductivity of soil particles, the frost heave of the soil column also increases. With high-thermal-conductivity soil, the formation of ice lenses become difficult.

Frost heave and heaving pressure measurements in colliery shales

Canadian Geotechnical Journal ◽

10.1139/t76-014 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 127-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. J. Kettle ◽

R. I. T. Williams

Keyword(s):

Pore Size ◽

Side Wall ◽

Frozen Soil ◽

Soil Freezing ◽

Frost Heave ◽

Theoretical Studies ◽

Pressure Measurements ◽

Thermoelectric Devices ◽

Cement Stabilization ◽

Experimental Rig

The paper describes a technique for measuring the pressure generated when heaving is restrained in a frozen soil, freezing being achieved by thermoelectric cooling. Although steps were taken to minimize side wall resistance between the specimen and the test mould significant under-estimation of the pressure was unavoidable and further work is necessary to accurately quantify the resistance.The tests were performed on specimens of unbound and cement stabilized colliery shale, both unburnt and burnt shales being studied. For the unbound shales, the largest heaving pressures were developed by the finer grained shales, and this supports the theoretical studies that have shown heaving pressure to be inversely proportional to pore size. Cement stabilization did not significantly affect the heaving pressure developed by the coarser grained shales but, with the finer grained shales, it reduced the pressure developed.Heave and heaving pressure are not uniquely related and, although relationships have been established between these parameters separately for burnt and for unburnt shale, the technique does not at present constitute an alternative to the frost heave test.The testing programme has shown, however, that thermoelectric devices provide a reliable and efficient means for freezing specimens and an experimental rig is suggested for using them in frost heave testing.