A critical review of the occurrence, detection, and treatment of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in aquatic environments

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Ri Park ◽  
Allison L. Mackie ◽  
Graham A. Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Aqueous Solubility ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Emerging Organic Contaminants

The main psychoactive compound in marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and its metabolites are emerging organic contaminants that have been detected in waste and surface waters around the globe. This paper aims to review the recent literature regarding the detection, occurrence, and treatment of THC and its main metabolites, 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-OH), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH). Detection methods for THC, THC-OH, THC-COOH, and other cannabinoids have advanced in recent years with the development of sensitive analytical techniques (e.g., gas chromatography or liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry). Using online or offline solid phase extraction (SPE) has enabled detection at nanogram and picogram per litre concentrations. THC-COOH has been detected in untreated and treated wastewater up to 2500 and 750 ng·L–1, surface water over 500 ng·L–1, and tap water up to 1 ng·L–1. Adsorption is likely a significant pathway for the removal of THC that is unmetabolized in wastewater or surface water, due to its low aqueous solubility. THC and THC-COOH have been shown to cause oxidative stress to aquatic species. The few studies of potential treatments for THC-COOH have shown that chlorination and UV oxidation lead to potentially form transformation by-products, which would be toxic in aquatic environments.

scholarly journals Emerging Organic Contaminants in Chinese Surface Water: Identification of Priority Pollutants

Engineering ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengmeng Zhong ◽  
Tielong Wang ◽  
Wenxing Zhao ◽  
Jun Huang ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Priority Pollutants ◽  
Emerging Organic Contaminants

Clinoptilolite and palygorskite as sorbents of neutral emerging organic contaminants in treated wastewater: Sorption-desorption studies

Chemosphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 534-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Leal ◽  
Virtudes Martínez-Hernández ◽  
Raffaella Meffe ◽  
Javier Lillo ◽  
Irene de Bustamante
Keyword(s):  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Emerging Organic Contaminants

scholarly journals Recovery and Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Surface Water, Using Ultrafiltration and Real-Time PCR

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 3593-3597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie Mull ◽  
Vincent R. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Multiple Pcr

ABSTRACT Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC O157:H7) outbreaks have revealed the need for improved analytical techniques for environmental samples. Ultrafiltration (UF) is increasingly recognized as an effective procedure for concentrating and recovering microbes from large volumes of water and treated wastewater. This study describes the application of hollow-fiber UF as the primary step for concentrating EHEC O157:H7 seeded into 40-liter samples of surface water, followed by an established culture/immunomagnetic-separation (IMS) method and a suite of real-time PCR assays. Three TaqMan assays were used to detect the stx1, stx2, and rfbE gene targets. The results from this study indicate that approximately 50 EHEC O157:H7 cells can be consistently recovered from a 40-liter surface water sample and detected by culture and real-time PCR. Centrifugation was investigated and shown to be a viable alternative to membrane filtration in the secondary culture/IMS step when water quality limits the volume of water that can be processed by a filter. Using multiple PCR assay sets to detect rfbE, stx1, and stx2 genes allowed for specific detection of EHEC O157:H7 from strains that do not possess all three genes. The reported sample collection and analysis procedure should be a sensitive and effective tool for detecting EHEC O157:H7 in response to outbreaks of disease associated with contaminated water.

Water matrix effect on UV photodegradation of perfluorooctanoic acid

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 1980-1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Giri ◽  
H. Ozaki ◽  
T. Okada ◽  
S. Takikita ◽  
S. Taniguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Perfluorooctanoic Acid ◽  
Wastewater Effluent ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Toc Removal ◽  
The Impact

The widespread detection of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in the water environment has been a concern for the last several years, while effluents from wastewater treatment facilities are the major sources of these compounds. Even advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) are not useful for mineralization of the compounds due to their very high stability. Photochemical techniques using particularly vacuum UV (VUV) have been found to be very promising in this regard. But the use of VUV in UV-based AOTs has still not progressed much. Moreover, the impact of water quality on PFCs photomineralization is unknown. This investigation aimed to assess photomineralization potentials of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in ultrapure water (UPW), tap water (TW), surface water and treated wastewater effluent using a reactor setup enabling maximum utilization of VUV emission of low pressure lamp in laboratory batch experiments. Neya River water (NRW) and the Nakahama Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent (NWWTPE) represented surface water and treated wastewater effluent respectively. Also, tests were carried out in 50% diluted NRW and NWWTPE. PFOA photomineralization in terms of PFOA removal, defluorination and total organic carbon (TOC) removal are discussed. The usefulness of the method for PFOA mineralization in organic-rich wastewaters, and further research needs are also highlighted.

scholarly journals Overview of electronic tongue sensing in environmental aqueous matrices: potential for monitoring emerging organic contaminants

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cátia Magro ◽  
Eduardo P. Mateus ◽  
Maria Raposo ◽  
Alexandra B. Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Monitoring ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electronic Tongue ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Emerging Organic Contaminants

Emerging organic contaminants (EOC) are synthetic or naturally occurring chemicals that have the potential to enter the environment and cause known or suspected adverse ecological and human health effects. Despite not being commonly monitored, EOC are often detected in effluents and water bodies because of their inefficient removal in conventional wastewater treatment plants. There is a growing concern about the presence and impact of EOC as well as the need for reliable and effective water monitoring using sensors capable of detecting the target molecules in complex media. Due to their specificities, such as fast response times, low cost, portability and user-friendly operation, electronic tongue (e-tongue) systems present some advantages over the traditional analytical techniques (e.g., chromatographic systems) used for environmental monitoring. We reviewed e-tongue sensors, focusing on their ability for real-time environmental monitoring. A bibliometric evaluation was carried out, along with a study of the status of the existing e-tongue systems, how they worked, and their applications in different fields. The potential of e-tongue sensors to detect organic contaminants in aqueous environmental matrices is discussed, with a particular focus on EOC.

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