Comparisons between hatchery and wild steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) smolts: physiology and habitat use

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 1627-1638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan S Hill ◽  
Gayle Barbin Zydlewski ◽  
William L Gale
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Microhabitat Use ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Seawater Challenge

Hatchery steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) smolts, progeny of a newly founded native origin broodstock, were released into Abernathy Creek, Washington, in 2003 and 2004. After release, saltwater tolerance, gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity, and habitat use were compared. A subsample of hatchery and wild steelhead trout were implanted with 23 mm passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags each year. PIT-tagged migrants were used for physiological comparisons. Hatchery fish were significantly larger than wild fish. Hatchery migrants expressed significantly lower levels of gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity than wild migrants. After a 24 h seawater challenge, hatchery migrants had significantly higher plasma osmolality and [Na+] than wild migrants. Microhabitat use of PIT-tagged hatchery and wild individuals in a control (wild fish only) and effect (hatchery and wild fish) site were compared before and after the introduction of hatchery fish. No difference was detected in hatchery and wild smolt habitat use. Wild fish did not change their habitat use after the introduction of hatchery fish. Although hatchery and wild fish differed in smolt physiology, differences in short-term use of freshwater habitat were not detected, and hatchery fish did not appear to displace wild fish.

Relationship between smolt gill Na+, K+ ATPase activity and migration timing to avian predation risk of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a large estuary

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 1506-1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamen M Kennedy ◽  
William L Gale ◽  
Kenneth G Ostrand
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Avian Predation ◽  
Pit Tags ◽  
Migration Timing ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Seawater Challenge

We examined avian predation risk of juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) migrating through the Columbia River Estuary in relation to their osmoregulatory physiology, body length, rearing conditions (hatchery or wild), migration timing, and migration year. From 2003 to 2006, mean gill Na+, K+ ATPase activity of migrating wild steelhead was greater than hatchery steelhead. Hatchery steelhead were always longer than wild steelhead. Wild steelhead never had higher plasma [Na+] or osmolality levels than hatchery fish after seawater challenge trials conducted in 2004, 2005, and 2006. More passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags from hatchery fish (19%; 126 of 678 fish) were detected on East Sand Island among bird nesting colonies than PIT tags of wild fish (14%; 70 of 509 fish), presumably consumed by birds. As gill Na+, K+ ATPase activity and migration date within a year increased, the probability of an individual fish being eaten by an avian predator decreased. Length, rear type, and year were not related to predation risk. These results show that physiology and migration timing of juvenile steelhead play an important role in a migrant’s risk to avian predation within an estuary.

Bias and significance of relative reproductive success estimates based on steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) data: a Bayesian meta-analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 1827-1835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuichi Kitada ◽  
Hirohisa Kishino ◽  
Katsuyuki Hamasaki
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Log Normal

The evaluation of the reproductive success (RS) of hatchery fish in the wild is one of the most important issues in hatchery supplementation, aquaculture, and conservation. Estimates of the relative reproductive success (RRS) have been used to evaluate RS. Because RRS may vary greatly depending on cross, years of release, and environmental conditions, we introduced a log-normal distribution to quantify the variation. The classical estimator of RRS based on multiple measurements is contrasted with the mean of this distribution. We derived the mean, variance, and relative bias and applied our Bayesian hierarchical model to 42 empirical RRS estimates of steelhead trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) in the Hood River, Oregon, USA. The RRS estimate generally had an upward bias. Although the average level of RRS implied the reproductive decline of hatchery fish and wild-born hatchery descendants, we could not reject the null hypothesis that hatchery fish and their descendants have the same chance of having smaller RS than wild fish as they do of having larger RS than wild fish.

Social dominance, growth, and habitat use of age-0 steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) grown in enriched and conventional hatchery rearing environments

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 628-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry A Berejikian ◽  
E Paul Tezak ◽  
Thomas A Flagg ◽  
Anita L LaRae ◽  
Eric Kummerow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Water Structure ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Natural Stream

This study investigated whether culturing age-0 steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in habitat-enriched rearing tanks, containing a combination of in-water structure, underwater feeders, and overhead cover, affected competitive ability and habitat use compared with juveniles cultured in more conventional vessels. In laboratory tests, steelhead juveniles grown in the enriched tanks socially dominated size-matched competitors grown in conventional tanks. When both treatments were introduced into separate sections of a quasi-natural stream, no differences in growth were found between them. However, when intermixed, fish reared in the enriched tanks grew at a higher rate than conventionally reared competitors, suggesting greater competitive ability of juveniles grown in the enriched tanks. Visual isolation and defensible food resources in combination in the enriched tanks were considered as the primary factors causing the observed competitive asymmetries. Steelhead juveniles from the two rearing environments exhibited very similar use of woody structure in the quasi-natural stream, both in the presence and in the absence of mutual competition. Rearing steelhead in more naturalistic environments could result in hatchery fish that behave and integrate into the postrelease (natural) environment in a manner more similar to wild fish.

Marine survival difference between wild and hatchery-reared steelhead trout determined during early downstream migration

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 831-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Melnychuk ◽  
Josh Korman ◽  
Stephen Hausch ◽  
David W. Welch ◽  
Don J.F. McCubbing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Life ◽  
Downstream Migration ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Return Rates ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Survival Difference ◽  
Survival Differences

We observed large survival differences between wild and hatchery-reared steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during the juvenile downstream migration immediately after release, which persisted through adult life. Following a railway spill of sodium hydroxide into the Cheakamus River, British Columbia, a short-term conservation hatchery rearing program was implemented for steelhead. We used acoustic telemetry and mark–recapture models to estimate survival of wild and (or) hatchery-reared steelhead during 4 years of the smolt migration, with both groups released in 2008. After adjusting for estimated freshwater residualization, 7%–13% of wild smolts and 30%–40% of hatchery smolts died in the first 3 km of the migration. Estimated survival from release to ocean entry was 71%–84% for wild fish and 26%–40% for hatchery fish and to exit from the Strait of Georgia system was 22%–33% for wild fish and 3.5%–6.7% for hatchery fish. A calculated 2.3-fold survival difference established during the downstream migration was similar to that after the return of adult spawners, as return rates were 8.0% for wild fish and 4.1% for hatchery fish. Contrary to current understanding, a large proportion of salmon mortality in the smolt-to-adult period, commonly termed “marine mortality”, may actually occur prior to ocean entry.

scholarly journals Rearing in a distorted magnetic field disrupts the ‘map sense’ of juvenile steelhead trout

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 20140169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan F. Putman ◽  
Amanda M. Meinke ◽  
David L. G. Noakes
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Uniform Field ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Test Orientation ◽  
Marine Survival

We used simulated magnetic displacements to test orientation preferences of juvenile steelhead trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) exposed to magnetic fields existing at the northernmost and southernmost boundaries of their oceanic range. Fish reared in natural magnetic conditions distinguished between these two fields by orienting in opposite directions, with headings that would lead fish towards marine foraging grounds. However, fish reared in a spatially distorted magnetic field failed to distinguish between the experimental fields and were randomly oriented. The non-uniform field in which fish were reared is probably typical of fields that many hatchery fish encounter due to magnetic distortions associated with the infrastructure of aquaculture. Given that the reduced navigational abilities we observed could negatively influence marine survival, homing ability and hatchery efficiency, we recommend further study on the implications of rearing salmonids in unnatural magnetic fields.

scholarly journals Rearing strategies alter patterns of size-selective mortality and heritable size variation in steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry A. Berejikian ◽  
Jeffrey J. Hard ◽  
Christopher P. Tatara ◽  
Donald M. Van Doornik ◽  
Penny Swanson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Selective Mortality ◽  
Food Ration ◽  
Family Effects ◽  
Growth Opportunity ◽  
Seawater Challenge

Steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared under two different regimes: high food ration for 1 year (S1; typical strategy) or low ration for 2 years (S2) were subjected to a seawater challenge during the corresponding spring outmigration period. The S1 smolts were smaller and suffered greater seawater challenge mortality (23.9% compared with 0.7% for the S2 smolts) that was significantly and negatively related to body size. Heritability of body size was similar for the two treatments during the parr stage (fork length: S1 = 0.181, S2 = 0.245; mass: S1 = 0.372; S2 = 0.447), but higher for the S1 treatment during the smolt stage for length (S1 = 0.212, S2 = 0.002) and body mass (S1 = 0.145, S2 = 0.015). Strong family effects for both traits and significant family by environment interactions for parr mass and smolt length indicated significant phenotypic plasticity. A genetic response to size-selective mortality caused by insufficient growth opportunity in the S1 treatment is plausible and may affect fitness in the natural environment through effects on correlated traits.

Genetic Differences in Growth and Survival of Juvenile Hatchery and Wild Steelhead Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Reisenbichler ◽  
J. D. McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Natural Streams ◽  
Stock Recruitment ◽  
Relationship Of

Relative growth and survival of offspring from matings of hatchery and wild Deschutes River (Oregon) summer steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri, were measured to determine if hatchery fish differ genetically from wild fish in traits that can affect the stock–recruitment relationship of wild populations. Sections of four natural streams and a hatchery pond were each stocked with genetically marked (lactate dehydrogenase genotypes) eyed eggs or unfed swim-up fry from each of three matings: hatchery × hatchery (HH), hatchery × wild (HW), and wild × wild (WW). In streams, WW fish had the highest survival and HW fish the highest growth rates when significant differences were found; in the hatchery pond, HH fish had the highest survival and growth rates. The hatchery fish were genetically different from wild fish and when they interbreed with wild fish may reduce the number of smolts produced. Hatchery procedures can be modified to reduce the genetic differences between hatchery and wild fish.

Relationship between natural productivity and the frequency of wild fish in mixed spawning populations of wild and hatchery steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 1057-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W Chilcote
Keyword(s):  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Population Status ◽  
Critical Variable ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Data Error ◽  
Mixed Populations ◽  
Natural Productivity

The proportion of wild fish in 12 mixed populations of hatchery and wild steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was evaluated for its relationship to mean and intrinsic measures of population productivity. The population mean of ln(recruits/spawner) was used to represent mean productivity. Intrinsic productivity was represented by values for the Ricker a parameter as estimated from fits of spawner and recruit data. Significant regressions (p < 0.001) were found between both measures of productivity and the proportion of wild fish in the spawning population (Pw). The slopes of the two regressions were not significantly different (p = 0.55) and defined a relationship suggesting that a spawning population comprised of equal numbers of hatchery and wild fish would produce 63% fewer recruits per spawner than one comprised entirely of wild fish. Study findings were not sensitive to likely levels of data error or confounded by extraneous habitat correlation with Pw. Population status assessments and conservation monitoring efforts should include Pw as a critical variable. For natural populations, removal rather than addition of hatchery fish may be the most effective strategy to improve productivity and resilience.

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