Social dominance, growth, and habitat use of age-0 steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) grown in enriched and conventional hatchery rearing environments

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 628-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry A Berejikian ◽  
E Paul Tezak ◽  
Thomas A Flagg ◽  
Anita L LaRae ◽  
Eric Kummerow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Water Structure ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Natural Stream

This study investigated whether culturing age-0 steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in habitat-enriched rearing tanks, containing a combination of in-water structure, underwater feeders, and overhead cover, affected competitive ability and habitat use compared with juveniles cultured in more conventional vessels. In laboratory tests, steelhead juveniles grown in the enriched tanks socially dominated size-matched competitors grown in conventional tanks. When both treatments were introduced into separate sections of a quasi-natural stream, no differences in growth were found between them. However, when intermixed, fish reared in the enriched tanks grew at a higher rate than conventionally reared competitors, suggesting greater competitive ability of juveniles grown in the enriched tanks. Visual isolation and defensible food resources in combination in the enriched tanks were considered as the primary factors causing the observed competitive asymmetries. Steelhead juveniles from the two rearing environments exhibited very similar use of woody structure in the quasi-natural stream, both in the presence and in the absence of mutual competition. Rearing steelhead in more naturalistic environments could result in hatchery fish that behave and integrate into the postrelease (natural) environment in a manner more similar to wild fish.

Comparisons between hatchery and wild steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) smolts: physiology and habitat use

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 1627-1638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan S Hill ◽  
Gayle Barbin Zydlewski ◽  
William L Gale
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Microhabitat Use ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Seawater Challenge

Hatchery steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) smolts, progeny of a newly founded native origin broodstock, were released into Abernathy Creek, Washington, in 2003 and 2004. After release, saltwater tolerance, gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity, and habitat use were compared. A subsample of hatchery and wild steelhead trout were implanted with 23 mm passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags each year. PIT-tagged migrants were used for physiological comparisons. Hatchery fish were significantly larger than wild fish. Hatchery migrants expressed significantly lower levels of gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity than wild migrants. After a 24 h seawater challenge, hatchery migrants had significantly higher plasma osmolality and [Na+] than wild migrants. Microhabitat use of PIT-tagged hatchery and wild individuals in a control (wild fish only) and effect (hatchery and wild fish) site were compared before and after the introduction of hatchery fish. No difference was detected in hatchery and wild smolt habitat use. Wild fish did not change their habitat use after the introduction of hatchery fish. Although hatchery and wild fish differed in smolt physiology, differences in short-term use of freshwater habitat were not detected, and hatchery fish did not appear to displace wild fish.

Relationship between natural productivity and the frequency of wild fish in mixed spawning populations of wild and hatchery steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 1057-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W Chilcote
Keyword(s):  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Population Status ◽  
Critical Variable ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Data Error ◽  
Mixed Populations ◽  
Natural Productivity

The proportion of wild fish in 12 mixed populations of hatchery and wild steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was evaluated for its relationship to mean and intrinsic measures of population productivity. The population mean of ln(recruits/spawner) was used to represent mean productivity. Intrinsic productivity was represented by values for the Ricker a parameter as estimated from fits of spawner and recruit data. Significant regressions (p < 0.001) were found between both measures of productivity and the proportion of wild fish in the spawning population (Pw). The slopes of the two regressions were not significantly different (p = 0.55) and defined a relationship suggesting that a spawning population comprised of equal numbers of hatchery and wild fish would produce 63% fewer recruits per spawner than one comprised entirely of wild fish. Study findings were not sensitive to likely levels of data error or confounded by extraneous habitat correlation with Pw. Population status assessments and conservation monitoring efforts should include Pw as a critical variable. For natural populations, removal rather than addition of hatchery fish may be the most effective strategy to improve productivity and resilience.

Interactions between hatchery and wild salmonids in streams: differences in biology and evidence for competition

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1018-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward D Weber ◽  
Kurt D Fausch
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Ecological Interaction ◽  
Hatchery Fish

Competition between hatchery-reared and wild salmonids in streams has frequently been described as an important negative ecological interaction, but differences in behavior, physiology, and morphology that potentially affect competitive ability have been studied more than direct tests of competition. We review the differences reported, designs appropriate for testing different hypotheses about competition, and tests of competition reported in the literature. Many studies have provided circumstantial evidence for competition, but the effects of competition were confounded with other variables. Most direct experiments of competition used additive designs that compared treatments in which hatchery fish were introduced into habitats containing wild fish with controls without hatchery fish. These studies are appropriate for quantifying the effects of hatchery fish at specific combinations of fish densities and stream carrying capacity. However, they do not measure the relative competitive ability of hatchery versus wild fish because the competitive ability of hatchery fish is confounded with the increased density that they cause. We are aware of only two published studies that used substitutive experimental designs in which density was held equal among treatments, thereby testing for differences in competitive ability. Additional substitutive experiments will help managers to better understand the ecological risk of stocking hatchery fish.

Bias and significance of relative reproductive success estimates based on steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) data: a Bayesian meta-analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 1827-1835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuichi Kitada ◽  
Hirohisa Kishino ◽  
Katsuyuki Hamasaki
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Log Normal

The evaluation of the reproductive success (RS) of hatchery fish in the wild is one of the most important issues in hatchery supplementation, aquaculture, and conservation. Estimates of the relative reproductive success (RRS) have been used to evaluate RS. Because RRS may vary greatly depending on cross, years of release, and environmental conditions, we introduced a log-normal distribution to quantify the variation. The classical estimator of RRS based on multiple measurements is contrasted with the mean of this distribution. We derived the mean, variance, and relative bias and applied our Bayesian hierarchical model to 42 empirical RRS estimates of steelhead trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) in the Hood River, Oregon, USA. The RRS estimate generally had an upward bias. Although the average level of RRS implied the reproductive decline of hatchery fish and wild-born hatchery descendants, we could not reject the null hypothesis that hatchery fish and their descendants have the same chance of having smaller RS than wild fish as they do of having larger RS than wild fish.

scholarly journals Diary of Wimpy Fish: How to Grow Up in a Conservation Hatchery and Survive in the Real World

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda J. Finger ◽  
Daphne A. Gille ◽  
Nicole M. Kwan ◽  
Melinda R. Baerwald
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Real World ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
San Francisco Estuary ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Endangered Fish ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
In The Wild

Conservation hatcheries are like luxury fish hotels that raise threatened and endangered fish that are nearing extinction in the wild. Raising fish in the controlled environment of the conservation hatchery usually takes away the issues that caused the population to dwindle in the first place. However, there is one problem: the fish get used to the conservation hatchery and become wimpy, meaning they become domesticated and do not do as well as wild fish in if they are returned to the natural environment. Managing the genes of hatchery fish is one way to block domestication and raise fish that are as close as possible to wild fish. In the San Francisco Estuary watershed, there are conservation hatcheries for the endangered delta smelt and winter-run Chinook salmon. Read on to learn about how these conservation hatcheries help hatchery fish be as tough as possible and survive in the wild.

Changes in Habitat Use and Feeding Chronology of Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Fall and the Onset of Winter in Silver Creek, Idaho

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 2119-2128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Riehle ◽  
J. S. Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Habitat Use ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Density Distribution ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Invertebrate Drift ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

We assessed changes in density, distribution, and microhabitat of age-0 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Silver Creek, a partially spring-fed stream, by periodic snorkeling in August 1987 through January 1988. We examined trout stomach contents and invertebrate drift samples in diel collections in August, September, October, and January to test if the period of feeding shifted from daytime to nighttime, concurrent with a transition to day concealment. In late September, fish aggregated briefly during the day and then began to conceal themselves in macrophyte beds, undercut banks, and submerged sedges and grasses along streambanks as temperature dropped below 8 °C in early October. Fish emerged from concealment at night, and numbers of trout visible were greatest 30–60 min after sunset and about 30 min before sunrise. Periods of peak feeding changed from afternoon and evening in August and September, when fish were day active, to mainly at night in October after the initiation of day concealment. Trout did not feed upon abundant chironomids in the daytime drift in October. In January, fish fed at 1–4 °C on mayflies, and stomachs were fullest in the early morning. Observations suggest that Silver Creek trout experienced a metabolic deficit that began in September.

Effects of Early Rearing Environment on Stress Response, Immune Function, and Disease Resistance in Juvenile Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook Salmon (O.tshawytscha)

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kira Salonius ◽  
George K. Iwama
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Vibrio Anguillarum ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Handling Stress ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Natural Water Body

Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (0. tshawytscha) from aquaculture and wild environments were subjected to handling (30–60 s of netting and aerial emersion) and disease challenges. Plasma cortisol concentrations ([cortisol]pl) in both coho and chinook salmon from wild environments were significantly elevated 4 h after handling. Colonized coho salmon (hatchery-reared fish, transported into a natural water body as fry) responded in a similar fashion to wild fish, while those reared entirely in the hatchery showed no significant rise in [cortisol]pl. The responses to handling stress were retained in wild and colonized coho salmon after 7 mo of hatchery rearing. A transient increase in the leukocyte to red blood cell ratio in both wild and hatchery-reared chinook salmon occurred 4 h after handling. Handling signficantly decreased the antibody-producing cell (APC) number in wild fish and elevated their [cortisol]plrelative to hatchery fish. Wild fish had the highest APC number among the three groups before the handling. No difference in resistance to Vibrio anguillarum was apparent in coho and chinook salmon among the different rearing environments, although chinook salmon were generally more susceptible; disease resistance was reduced in wild coho salmon after 7 mo of rearing in a hatchery.

Competition among juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss): relevance to invasion potential in British Columbia

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P Volpe ◽  
Bradley R Anholt ◽  
Barry W Glickman
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
The Status ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are routinely captured in both freshwater and marine environments of coastal British Columbia (Canada). Recent evidence suggests that this species is now naturally reproducing in Vancouver Island rivers. Our objective was to quantify the performance of each species in intra- and inter-specific competition by assessing the competitive ability of Atlantic salmon sympatric with native niche equivalent steelhead – rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Significant behavioural differences, particularly with respect to agonism, were observed between species; however, the status of an individual as resident or challenger was the best predictor of performance. Resident fish always outperformed challengers, regardless of species. Thus, we suggest that Atlantic salmon may be capable of colonizing and persisting in coastal British Columbia river systems that are underutilized by native species, such as the steelhead.

The effects of hatchery and wild ancestry and experience on the relative ability of steelhead trout fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to avoid a benthic predator

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 2476-2482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry A. Berejikian
Keyword(s):  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Predator Avoidance ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Test Period ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Visual Exposure ◽  
Natural Stream ◽  
Relative Ability ◽  
Better Than

Differences in selection regimes between hatchery and natural environments and environmental stimuli, among other factors, have the potential to cause differences in predator avoidance ability between hatchery and wild steelhead trout fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In two separate laboratory experiments, fry raised from eggs of wild Quinault River steelhead trout survived predation by prickly sculpin (Cottus asper) significantly better than size-matched offspring of a locally derived hatchery population, which were reared under similar conditions. Wild fry also survived predation better than hatchery fry in natural stream enclosures over a 3-day test period. Experience, in the form of 50-min visual exposure to sculpin predation on "sacrificial" steelhead trout, improved the ability of fry from both populations to avoid predation by sculpin. Wild-experienced fry were eaten in the fewest number of trials followed by wild-naive, hatchery-experienced, and hatchery-naive fry. The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that innate predator avoidance ability has been negatively altered through domestication and that attempts to condition hatchery-reared steelhead to avoid predators may be limited for domesticated populations.

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