Differences in antipredator behaviour between wild and hatchery-reared juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) under seminatural conditions

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2157-2166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Jackson ◽  
Grant E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Antipredator Behaviour ◽  
Source Population ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Chemical Alarm Cues ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Differential Experience

Captive rearing may elicit experiential or genetically based changes to salmonid antipredator behaviour, which may reduce survival of hatchery-reared fishes when they are released into the wild. Nevertheless, few studies have compared the behaviour between local wild-caught and local hatchery-reared fish (two generations or less), and none have done so under natural conditions. We conducted a seminatural field study comparing the antipredator behaviour of wild-caught, F1 (offspring of wild-caught adults) with that of F2 (second generation) hatchery-reared young-of-the-year Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar , from the same source population) in response to standardized chemical alarm cues. Wild-caught salmon exhibited the strongest antipredator response to a standardized threat (conspecific alarm cues), while F2 salmon exhibited the weakest response. F1 salmon were intermediate in their behavioural response. The observed differences between wild-caught and F1 salmon suggests that differential experience may play a significant role in predator avoidance behaviours. Furthermore, the observed differences between F1 and F2 salmon suggests that even one full generation of hatchery rearing may be sufficient to select for maladaptive responses to predators under natural conditions. Given the controversy regarding the effectiveness of hatchery programs for conservation use, the results of this study suggest that minimizing hatchery time may reduce the behavioural differences between wild and hatchery-reared fishes.

Effects of acid rainfall on juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) antipredator behaviour: loss of chemical alarm function and potential survival consequences during predation

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine O. H. C. Leduc ◽  
Ellie Roh ◽  
Grant E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Antipredator Behaviour ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Episodic Acidification ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Chemical Alarm Cues

Many organisms rely on chemosensory cues to mediate predation risks. Recent studies have demonstrated impaired chemosensory detection ability under weak acidification. Because rainfall may lead to episodic acidification of surface water, we assessed the effects of acid rain on chemosensory alarm functions. Under natural conditions, we quantified alarm behaviour of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to conspecific chemical alarm cues before and following rainfall. Before rainfall, salmon were capable of an alarm response in the study streams. After rainfall, salmon from Devil’s Brook did not respond to the alarm cues whereas the detection of salmon from Catamaran Brook (a comparable stream having higher acid neutralising capacity) was maintained. To relate these findings to predator–prey encounters, we performed a second experiment where we staged encounters between prey (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss) and predator (largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides) exposed to acidified and unacidified rainbow trout chemical alarm cues. Trout exposed to acidified alarm cues survived for a significantly shorter amount of time than trout exposed to unacidified alarm cues, whereas no difference in overall predator behaviour was observed. Our results suggest that episodic acidification in small nursery streams may disrupt the chemical information mediated by the chemical alarm cues that can translate into higher survival costs for prey.

Predation costs of impaired chemosensory risk assessment on acid-impacted juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 756-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris K. Elvidge ◽  
Grant E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Predatory Fish ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Chemical Alarm Cues

Weak levels of acidification (pH < 6.6) inhibit the ability of fishes to assess predation risk via interference with damage-released chemical alarm cues. While survival benefits associated with behavioural responses to alarm cues have been demonstrated under laboratory conditions, it remains largely unknown whether fishes under natural conditions experience similar benefits. Using hatchery-reared juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) as a model organism, we conducted a tethering experiment in reaches of neutral (pH ≥ 6.6) and acidic (pH < 6.6) salmon nursery streams, plus one additional stream that varied between pH classes. Despite exposure to fewer predatory fish species, similar availability of physical refugia, and similar threat from terrestrial predators, tethered fish in acidic streams were significantly more likely to be predated over the course of a trial than their counterparts in neutral streams. These results suggest that (i) in the absence of compensatory mechanisms, juvenile Atlantic salmon under acidic conditions may experience greater rates of predation as a result of impaired chemosensory risk assessment, and (ii) brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) appear to play the greatest role in limiting the survival of young-of-the-year (0+) salmon.

scholarly journals Impaired detection of chemical alarm cues by juvenile wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a weakly acidic environment

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 2356-2363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Olivier Henri Claude Leduc ◽  
Ellie Roh ◽  
Mark Charles Harvey ◽  
Grant Edwin Brown
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Multiple Streams ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Chemical Alarm Cues ◽  
Young Of The Year ◽  
Single Field ◽  
Acidity Level

Many prey fishes rely on damage-released chemical alarm cues to detect and avoid predators. The ability to use these cues has been shown to confer considerable survival benefits to individuals. While several laboratory studies and a single field study have demonstrated that an ambient pH of 6.0 impairs fishes in their ability to detect these alarm cues, no study had yet compared the response to alarm cue exposures across populations residing in multiple streams of a different acidity level. In our study, we conducted live behavioural observations in five nursery streams, ranging in pH from 5.71 to 7.49 on two age classes (young of the year and parr) of wild juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We aimed to assess if the detection of these chemical alarm cues was constantly dependant on the ambient pH or if variations in the detection occurred among populations of the different streams regardless of the ambient acidity level. Our results demonstrated that salmon present in any acidic stream did not respond to alarm cues, while those in neutral streams exhibited typical alarm responses.

scholarly journals Do juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) use chemosensory cues to detect and avoid risky habitats in the wild?

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Woo Kim ◽  
James W.A. Grant ◽  
Grant E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Alarm Cue ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Chemical Alarm Cues ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Experimental Treatments

We examined whether juvenile Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) in the wild adjust their behaviour in response to chemical cues of predator activity during a 4-week period after emergence from gravel nests. In each of seven 75 m2 sites in Catamaran Brook, New Brunswick, Canada, we established three contiguous sections differing in perceived predator activity by releasing stream water in control sections, conspecific alarm cues in risky sections, and nothing in buffer sections in both 2006 and 2007. As predicted, the density of young-of-the-year (YOY) salmon tended to decrease in alarm cue sections, while it increased in control and buffer sections. After the 2-week manipulation in 2006, we switched treatments so that buffer sections became alarm cue sections and alarm cue sections became buffer sections for an additional 2-week period. After the switch, the number of YOY increased least in the new alarm cue sections and most in control and new buffer sections. In contrast with YOY, the density of age 1+ parr was not affected by the experimental treatments. Our results suggest that YOY salmon can use chemical alarm cues to assess the predator activity of habitats in the wild.

scholarly journals Comparison of sperm motility subpopulation structure among wild anadromous and farmed male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr using a CASA system

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina Caldeira ◽  
Almudena García-Molina ◽  
Anthony Valverde ◽  
Daznia Bompart ◽  
Megan Hassane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Casa System ◽  
Sexually Mature ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Parr

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is an endangered freshwater species that needs help to recover its wild stocks. However, the priority in aquaculture is to obtain successful fertilisation and genetic variability to secure the revival of the species. The aims of the present work were to study sperm subpopulation structure and motility patterns in wild anadromous males and farmed male Atlantic salmon parr. Salmon sperm samples were collected from wild anadromous salmon (WS) and two generations of farmed parr males. Sperm samples were collected from sexually mature males and sperm motility was analysed at different times after activation (5 and 35 s). Differences among the three groups were analysed using statistical techniques based on Cluster analysis the Bayesian method. Atlantic salmon were found to have three sperm subpopulations, and the spermatozoa in ejaculates of mature farmed parr males had a higher velocity and larger size than those of WS males. This could be an adaptation to high sperm competition because salmonid species are naturally adapted to this process. Motility analysis enables us to identify sperm subpopulations, and it may be useful to correlate these sperm subpopulations with fertilisation ability to test whether faster-swimming spermatozoa have a higher probability of success.

Behavioural responses to alarm cues by free-ranging rainbow darters (Etheostoma caeruleum)

Behaviour ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 146 (11) ◽  
pp. 1565-1572 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Antipredator Behaviour ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Alarm Cue ◽  
Chemical Alarm Cues ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Etheostoma Caeruleum

AbstractResponses of fishes to chemical alarm cues have been well-documented in the laboratory, but relatively few taxa have been tested under free-ranging conditions in natural habitats. While snorkeling in a stream, we exposed rainbow darters (Etheostoma caeruleum) to skin extracts from conspecifics (alarm cue), skin extracts from heterospecifics (no alarm cue) and a blank control. Darters showed a significantly longer latency to move ('freezing') in the presence of the alarm cue relative to the other two stimuli. These results indicate that rainbow darters can detect chemical alarm cues under natural conditions and respond with appropriate antipredator behaviour.

Responses to two generations of index selection in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Aquaculture ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 173 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona M. O'Flynn ◽  
John K. Bailey ◽  
Gerard W. Friars
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Index Selection ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Two Generations

scholarly journals Features in the Lipid Status of Two Generations of Fingerlings (0+) of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Inhabiting the Arenga River (Kola Peninsula)

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 17535-17545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Nemova ◽  
Svetlana Murzina ◽  
Zinaida Nefedova ◽  
Alexey Veselov
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Kola Peninsula ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Lipid Status ◽  
Two Generations

Learned recognition of a novel odour by wild juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, under fully natural conditions

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine O.H.C. Leduc ◽  
Ellie Roh ◽  
Cindy Breau ◽  
Grant E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon
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