Determination of Leptin Adiponectin, LDL/HDL ratio with substantial role of Adiponectin and its Receptor

Aim: To determine Leptin/Adiponectin ratio, LDL/HDL ratio and AdipoR1 in obese and healthy subjects along with their respective lipid status. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in Sialkot city. One hundred and thirty-two participants took part in this research. Participants were equally divided into two groups containing non-obese and obese subjects. Mean age was 39.6±0.97 years. Mean BMI for obese subjects was 31.55±0.6 while non-obese group BMI was 20.5±0.2. Individuals with conditions and history of drugs were excluded. Informed and written consent was obtained prior to fasting blood sampling. Serum extraction and proper storage for later testing was carried out. ELISA method used for Adiponectin, AdiopR1 and leptin estimations while lipid profile was determined by Randox Diagnostics kits, using micro lab. SPSS v. 26. was used for comparison between by Mann-Whitney U tes. Results: Higher levels of Leptin/Adiponectin ratio(0.85±0.1) and LDL/HDL ratio (3.39 ± 0.1), serum Adiponectin (545± 73.3 ug/L), leptin (320.7±50.3 pg/mL) and AdipoR1 (28.9± 2.8 ng/mL) in obese when compared with healthy individuals, Leptin/Adiponectin ratio (0.44 ± 0.07 ) and LDL/HDL ratio (2.56 ± 0.08) Adiponectin (834± 70.6 ug/L), AdiopoR1 (17.8± 1.97 ng/mL), leptin (224.4±168.7 pg/mL). Correlation of adiponectin found positive for AdipoR1(r=0.336,p<0.05) and Leptin(r=0263,p<0.05) in obese subjects. L/A ratio correlated positive with leptin (r=0.644,p<0.05) in obese while in healthy subjects (leptin r=0.409,p<0.05,adiponectin r=-0.408,p<0.05 and HDL r=0.266,p<0.05).. Conclusion: The Leptin/Adiponectin ratio was found higher in obese subjects 0.85 as compared to healthy ones 0.44. Also the LDL/HDL ratio was found higher (3.39) when compared to non-obese (2.56), suggesting these ratios as a suitable marker to estimate metabolic disturbances and underlying dyslipidemia in the obese subjects. Key Words: Adiponectin, LDL/HDL ratio, Leptin, Leptin/Adiponectin ratio, Obesity

Effect of Perioperative Lipid Status on Clinical Outcomes after Cardiac Surgery

Patients undergoing cardiac surgery are at increased cardiovascular risk, which includes altered lipid status. However, data on the effect of cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on plasma levels of key lipids are scarce. We investigated potential effects of CPB on plasma lipid levels and associations with early postoperative clinical outcomes. This is a prospective bio-bank study of patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery at our center January to December 2019. The follow-up period was 1 year after surgery. Blood sampling was performed before induction of general anesthesia, upon weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and on the first day after surgery. Clinical end points included the incidence of postoperative stroke, myocardial infarction, and death of any cause at 30 days after surgery as well as 1-year all-cause mortality. A total of 192 cardiac surgery patients (75% male, median age 67.0 years (interquartile range 60.0–73.0), median BMI 26.1 kg/m2 (23.7–30.4)) were included. A significant intraoperative decrease in plasma levels compared with preoperative levels (all p < 0.0001) was observed for total cholesterol (TC) (Cliff’s delta d: 0.75 (0.68–0.82; 95% CI)), LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C) (d: 0.66 (0.57–0.73)) and HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C) (d: 0.72 (0.64–0.79)). At 24h after surgery, the plasma levels of LDL-C (d: 0.73 (0.650.79)) and TC (d: 0.77 (0.69–0.82)) continued to decrease compared to preoperative levels, while the plasma levels of HDL-C (d: 0.46 (0.36–0.55)) and TG (d: 0.40 (0.29–0.50)) rebounded, but all remained below the preoperative levels (p < 0.001). Mortality at 30 days was 1.0% (N = 2/192), and 1-year mortality was 3.8% (N= 7/186). Postoperative myocardial infarction occurred in 3.1% of patients (N = 6/192) and postoperative stroke in 5.8% (N = 11/190). Adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and statin therapy, we noted a protective effect of postoperative occurrence of stroke for pre-to-post-operative changes in TC (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.29 (0.07–0.90), p = 0.047), in LDL-C (aOR 0.19 (0.03–0.88), p = 0.045), and in HDL-C (aOR 0.01 (0.00–0.78), p = 0.039). No associations were observed between lipid levels and 1-year mortality. In conclusion, cardiac surgery induces a significant sudden drop in levels of key plasma lipids. This effect was pronounced during the operation, and levels remained significantly lowered at 24 h after surgery. The intraoperative drops in LDL-C, TC, and HDL-C were associated with a protective effect against occurrence of postoperative stroke in adjusted models. We demonstrate that the changes in key plasma lipid levels during surgery are strongly correlated, which makes attributing the impact of each lipid to the clinical end points, such as postoperative stroke, a challenging task. Large-scale analyses should investigate additional clinical outcome measures.

Endocrine, energy, and lipid status during parturition and early lactation in indigenous goats native to the Algerian Sahara

Background and Aim: Goats are widely distributed in southwest Algeria. The Saharan goat is perfectly adapted to the harsh conditions of arid areas, and it is characterized by resistance to long photoperiod and reduced metabolic needs, allowing the survival of its offspring by maintaining lactation. Several studies have demonstrated that parturition and lactation are critical periods that induce hormone, energy, and lipid status changes in mammals. However, the relationship between the blood biochemical parameters of parturition control and lactation functions in the Algerian Saharan goat has not been thoroughly documented. Therefore, this study assesses hormone and metabolite levels during parturition and early lactation in Saharan goats reared in arid areas. Materials and Methods: Experiments were performed on 14 multiparous female goats, and blood samples were collected during parturition, 4 days postpartum (D1PP-D4PP), and during the first 12 weeks of lactation (W1-W12) to analyze prolactin, cortisol, glucose (GLU), total proteins (TP), cholesterol (CHO), triglycerides (TGs), total lipids (TL), low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), and very LDLs (VLDLs). Results: Statistical data analysis revealed a significant (p<0.05) increase in plasma prolactin concentrations at W1 after parturition, reaching maximum values at W3 and W9, and remained high until W12 of lactation. Plasma cortisol levels were high at parturition, reaching two peaks at W3 and W9, and then decreased at W5, W7, and W12 of lactation. No significant changes were found in serum GLU levels during the first 7 weeks of lactation compared with parturition day; then, the levels became significantly (p<0.05) lower at W8, W11, and W12 of lactation. Plasma TP increased significantly (p<0.05) at D3PP, W1, and W4, then decreased significantly (p<0.05) at W8. In addition, this decrease coincided with that of GLU production. Serum CHO, TGs, TL, LDLs, and VLDLs, were low at parturition and high at D4PP and during the first 3 months of lactation. Furthermore, HDL levels were low at D3PP, 1st, and 3rd months and high at the 2nd month of lactation. Conclusion: This study emphasized the impact of parturition and the 1st weeks of lactation on endocrine and metabolic changes in indigenous goats living in the Algerian Sahara Desert. These results can be used to monitor and improve farming management and understand physiological adaptive strategies, mainly lactation function sustainability, of this goat living in marginal zones.

A clinic biochemical study of status of fasting serum insulin and lipid profile in PSOS patients and to determine correlation between BMI and HOMA index in PSOS patients

The importance of insulin resistance, compensatory hyperinsulinemia, and its effects, many of which have adverse effects on both the metabolic and reproductive organs. Treatment options for insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia include lifestyle changes, exercise, weight loss, and or the use of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or metformin. Weight loss measures are essential to the treatment of this condition. Lifestyle, exercise, and dietary changes, weight loss has been shown to reduce hyperandrogenism, increase ovulation and pregnancy rates, and improve immune conflict. Numerous studies have suggested that metformin plays an important role in the treatment of PCOS including restoring ovulation, weight loss, reducing androgen cycle levels, reducing the risk of miscarriage, and reducing the risk of gestational diabetes (GDM).PCOS patients may develop severe dyslipidemia, such as increased LDL-C and TG levels and decreased HDL-C levels associated with hyperandrogenism, IR, and chronic inflammation. Therefore, statins are widely used in the treatment of PCOS patients to reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, hyperandrogenemia, and other metabolic disorders. Statins have been reported to block HMG-CoA inhibiting mevalonate synthesis, which is a necessary substrate for cholesterol production and can be used to synthesize other important lipid links, therefore, statins can improve lipid status and hyperandrogenism.

Determining the Receptor Proteins AdipoR1, Leptin and Lipid Status in Serum; Mitigating its impact on Obese and Healthy Individuals

Aim: To investigate role of AdipoR1 concentrations and leptin levels in obese and healthy subjects along with their lipid status Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in residents of Sialkot city and included 132 subjects. Each group had 66 participants. Mean age was 39.6±0.97 years. Mean BMI for obese subjects was 31.55±0.6 while healthy group BMI was 20.5±0.2. Individuals with known history of diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, any malignancy and history of lipid lowering, antihypertensive, antipsychotics and antiepileptic were excluded. Fasting blood samples were taken after informed and written consent. Samples were centrifuged to extract serum and stored for analysis by ELISA method for AdiopR1 and leptin while lipid profile was determined by kits by Randox Diagnostics using micro lab. Data was analyzed by SPSS v. 26. Comparison between groups was carried out by Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Our study revealed higher levels of serum AdipoR1 (28.9±22.86 ng/mL), leptin (320.7±59.38 pg/mL), cholesterol (216±5.31 mg/dl), triglyceride (177.8±4.93 mg/dl) and LDL (139.3±4.56 mg/dl) in obese when compared with healthy individuals, AdiopoR1 (17.8±1.96ng/mL), leptin (219±20.76 pg/mL), cholesterol (179.8±3.25 mg/dl), triglyceride (149.8±3.17mg/dl), LDL (108.5±25.7 mg/dl) respectively. No statistical difference was found for HDL between groups. Conclusion: Our Study concludes that rising levels of AdipoR1 and leptin in addition to lipid profile are associated with obesity. Keywords: Obesity, Receptor Proteins AdipoR1, Leptin, lipid status, adipose tissue

Relationship of Objectively Measuring Physical Activity and Sitting Time on Plasma Lipid Metabolism During Pregnancy

Background: Physical activity (PA) was commonly associated with pregnancy outcomes, including plasma lipids. We hypothesized that women with more PA would improve plasma lipid status than those with less PA during pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the association of PA and sitting time with blood lipids in the first two trimesters. Methods: A prospective study was performed among 197 cases aged 18 to 40 recruited from a regional university affiliated hospital in south China. accelerometer were used to measure maternal PA in two trimesters (first measurement within 10th to 14th week of gestation and second measurement within 20th to 24th weeks of gestation; 7 consecutive days for each measurement). Maternal fasting venous blood was collected to test plasma lipids (cholesterol, triglyceride, low- and high-density lipoprotein [LDL and HDL]) in each of two trimesters.Results: A total of 197 cases completed this study. After adjusting for age and pre-pregnancy BMI, moderate PA of the first trimester was inversely linear associated with triglycerides in early pregnancy (β=-0.231, P=0.002). And it was also inversely significant linear association with triglycerides of the second trimester (β=-0.196, P=0.006). Moderate PA in early pregnancy showed a positively non-significant linear association with HDL levels of the first trimester (β=0.134, P=0.068). However, sitting time of the second trimester were positively non-significant associated with total cholesterol (β=0.126, P=0.080）and LDL levels (β=0.124, P=0.082）of the second trimester.Conclusions: Sitting time of the second trimester would positively associated with total cholesterol and LDL levels of the mid pregnancy. Higher moderate PA of early pregnancy was associated with lower triglycerides, and this effect lasting to the mid pregnancy. Therefore, pregnant women should be encourage to increase moderate PA and decrease sitting time from early pregnancy to improve lipid status.

Adherence to the Mediterranean lifestyle in patients after myocardial infarction

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. OnBehalf ReKoBo study group INTRODUCTION Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with decreased cardiovascular and overall mortality, and is recommended by the relevant preventive cardiology guidelines. However, besides specific dietary intake, Mediterranean lifestyle includes a series of eating habits and social behaviours. All these aspects are summed in the Medlife questionnaire. PURPOSE The aim of our study was to assess adherence to the Mediterranean lifestyle and examine associations with clinically relevant variables, in patients after myocardial infarction referred to cardiac rehabilitation. METHODS This was a single-centre cross-sectional study. Mediterranean lifestyle pattern was assessed using a validated Medlife questionnaire, which includes 28 questions (15 questions on the Mediterranean diet adherence, 6 questions on the eating habits and behaviour, and 7 questions on the social pattern of the Mediterranean lifestyle). Associations of the Medlife score with the exercise performance (assessed by the cardiopulmonary exercise testing), clinical data, demographics, lipid status, and quality of life (assessed by the HeartQol questionnaire) were assessed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient, while differences between two groups were determined with the independent-samples t-test. RESULTS There were 111 patients included in the study, mean age 55 +/- 10 years, 20% of them were women. Adherence to the Mediterranean lifestyle was not associated with age, BMI, peak VO2, total or LDL cholesterol. Also, there were no differences in terms of Medlife score between women vs. men, and between patients living in urban vs. rural areas. There were, however, significant associations between Medlife score and HDL (r = 0.239, p = 0.012), triglyceride level (r=-0.383, p &lt; 0.001) and blood glucose level (r=-0.214, p = 0.024), and with the emotional aspects of the quality of life (r = 0.245, p = 0.017). Also, higher-educated were significantly more adherent to the Mediterranean lifestyle as compared to lower-educated patients (16.2 vs. 14.7 points, p = 0.018). CONCLUSION Poorer adherence to the Mediterranean lifestyle is associated with substandard control of lipid status and glucose level. Improvement in the Mediterranean lifestyle adherence might be a cornerstone in the cardiac rehabilitation beyond exercise training programmes.