Fish Losses After Forest Sprayings with Insecticides in New Brunswick, 1952–62, as Shown by Caged Specimens and other Observations

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 709-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Kerswill ◽  
H. E. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Forested Area ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Harmful Effects

The survival of young Atlantic salmon and eastern brook trout, held in cages and free-living, was observed in New Brunswick streams inside and outside forested areas sprayed operationally and experimentally from aircraft with DDT and other insecticides for budworm control. DDT-in-oil in a single application at [Formula: see text] caused heavy loss of underyearling salmon and parr within 3 weeks. DDT-in-oil at [Formula: see text] had no apparent short-term effects on salmon parr, but killed many underyearlings; two applications 10 days apart were about as harmful as a single application at [Formula: see text]. DDD at [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], and malathion at [Formula: see text], were no more harmful to young salmon than DDT at [Formula: see text]. Replacing Stearman airplanes with larger aircraft in operational spraying and associated changes in spraying procedure sometimes caused heavy fish losses even for single applications of DDT at [Formula: see text]. Experimental spraying of phosphamidon-in-water at 1 lb/acre had no apparent harmful effects on young salmon and trout.Observations at a counting fence across the Northwest Miramichi 12 miles below the lower boundary of the forested area sprayed with DDT at [Formula: see text] in 1954 showed extensive killing of suckers and cyprinids; also, the numbers of these species moving through the fence were abnormally low for several years after spraying.Wild young salmon were found dead in streams when autumn water temperatures approached freezing after June sprayings of watersheds with DDT.

Skin-diving Observations of Atlantic Salmon and Brook Trout in the Miramichi River, New Brunswick

1962 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles H. A. Keenleyside
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Juvenile Salmon ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Potential Value

Free-living Atlantic salmon and brook trout were studied at 12 locations in the Miramichi River, New Brunswick, by swimmers wearing skin-diving equipment. Juvenile salmon were found at all locations, but were most numerous in rapids in the river headwaters. Juvenile and adult trout were common in rapids and pools of the headwaters only. Small numbers of adult salmon were seen throughout the river, mostly in pools.The following activities of both species are described: position maintenance relative to surroundings; social, feeding, escape and investigatory behaviour.The potential value of underwater swimming as a tool in fisheries research is briefly discussed.

Effects on Wild Young Salmon of Spraying DDT over New Brunswick Forests

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Elson
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Early Mortality ◽  
Young Fish ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
Parent Stock ◽  
Winter Cold ◽  
Harmful Effects

When DDT-in-oil was sprayed over large tracts of New Brunswick forest some of the spray got into drainage systems lying in the spray zones. As a result, many young salmon were killed and stocks were endangered.Most New Brunswick salmon spend 3 years in rivers before migrating to sea as smolts. The young fish can conveniently be divided into three size-groups, which are roughly comparable to each year of age. The groups are: underyearlings, small parr (over 1 year old but 10 cm and under from tip of snout to tip of extended tail fin), and large parr.Wild young salmon in unsprayed and sprayed streams were assessed for numbers in each size-group, abundance being expressed as population index = average number per 100 yards2 of stream bottom.DDT at[Formula: see text]. After such spraying young salmon of all size-groups were found in noticeably low numbers as compared with unsprayed situations. Underyearlings were only 2–10% as abundant (index reduced from 24 in places not affected by spray to less than 1 in most sprayed places), small parr only 30% (index reduced from 20 to 6), and large parr only 50% (index reduced from 12 to 6) as abundant.DDT at[Formula: see text]. After spraying at this dosage underyearlings were only about 50% as abundant as with no spraying; small parr were about 80% as abundant and large parr were affected hardly at all.DDT at[Formula: see text]applied twice. This was followed by low numbers of underyearlings, similar to those observed with a single application at [Formula: see text]. No equivalent data for parr are available but other information indicates effects similar to a single spraying with [Formula: see text].Downstream transport of the DDT-in-oil mixture was an important factor in extending the, harmful effects 30 or more miles below spray zones.Delayed mortality followed 4 to 6 months after the early mortality described above. It was associated with the onset of winter cold. It may have removed a large proportion of parr which survived early mortality but quantitative measurements of this factor were not made on wild populations.Reductions in numbers of young salmon were followed by declines in numbers of adults taken in fisheries and returning as spawners.With no spraying in subsequent years, promptness of recovery of young salmon populations depended primarily on abundance of parent stock.

Organochlorine Residues in Brook Trout and Yellow Perch From New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (Canada) Lakes

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-364
Author(s):  
R. Peterson ◽  
S. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Intensive Agriculture ◽  
Fish Tissues ◽  
North Central ◽  
Ddt Metabolites ◽  
Headwater Lakes

Abstract Brook trout and yellow perch collected while surveying New Brunswick and Nova Scotia headwater lakes were analyzed for DDT metabolites, chlordane, hexacyclohexane isomers, hexachlorobenzene, toxaphene and PCB’s. Concentrations of DDT metabolites were much higher from fish taken from lakes in north-central N.B. (200-700 ng/g wet wt) than from fish taken elsewhere (<10 ng/g). Seventy to 90% of the DDT metabolites was DDE. Chlordane (3-13 ng/g) was analyzed in seven trout, six of them from central N.B. areas with intensive agriculture. Isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane were in highest concentration from north-central N.B. (10-20 ng/g), eastern N.S. (5-15 ng/g) and southern N.B. (5-20 ng/g). In most cases, alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) was the isomer in highest concentration. Concentrations of hexachlorobenzene in fish tissues was highly variable with no obvious geographic bias. PCB’s were detected in very few fish, and no toxaphene was detected.

scholarly journals The Analysis of Live-Attenuated Piscirickettsia salmonis Vaccine Reveals the Short-Term Upregulation of Innate and Adaptive Immune Genes in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar): An In Situ Open-Sea Cages Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 703
Author(s):  
Deborah Vargas ◽  
Eva Vallejos-Vidal ◽  
Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa ◽  
Aarón Oyarzún-Arrau ◽  
Claudio Acuña-Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Piscirickettsia Salmonis

Piscirickettsia salmonis, the etiological agent of the Salmon Rickettsial Septicemia (SRS), is one the most serious health problems for the Chilean salmon industry. Typical antimicrobial strategies used against P. salmonis include antibiotics and vaccines, but these applications have largely failed. A few years ago, the first attenuated-live vaccine against SRS (ALPHA JECT LiVac® SRS vaccine) was released to the market. However, there is no data about the agents involved in the activation of the immune response induced under field conditions. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the expression profile of a set of gene markers related to innate and adaptive immunity in the context of a cellular response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared under productive farm conditions and immunized with a live-attenuated vaccine against P. salmonis. We analyzed the expression at zero, 5-, 15- and 45-days post-vaccination (dpv). Our results reveal that the administration of the attenuated live SRS LiVac vaccine induces a short-term upregulation of the cellular-mediated immune response at 5 dpv modulated by the upregulation of ifnα, ifnγ, and the cd4 and cd8α T cell surface markers. In addition, we also registered the upregulation of il-10 and tgfβ. Altogether, the results suggest that a balanced activation of the immune response took place only at early times post-vaccination (5 dpv). The scope of this short-term upregulation of the cellular-mediated immune response against a natural outbreak in fish subjected to productive farm conditions deserves further research.

Relationship of upstream migrating adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and stream discharge within Catamaran Brook, New Brunswick

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean C Mitchell ◽  
Richard A Cunjak
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
River System ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Stream Discharge ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Adult Abundance

Stream discharge has long been associated with abundance of returning adult spawning salmonids to streams and may also affect body size distribution of adult salmon as low flows interfere with returns of larger-bodied fish. We examined these relationships of abundance and body size within Catamaran Brook, a third-order tributary to the Miramichi River system of New Brunswick, Canada, to investigate the causes of a declining trend in annual returns of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to this stream. Regression models of adult abundance, proportion of the run as grilse, and body size of returning adults as functions of maximum daily stream discharge during the period of upstream spawner migration were constructed. Adult abundance shows a logarithmic relationship with stream discharge and provides good predictive ability, while appearing to not be significantly related to adult abundance in the larger Miramichi system. The proportion as grilse in the run and female body size are also logarithmically related to stream discharge, with low flow years being very influential in the regressions. These relationships of Atlantic salmon population abundance and body size characteristics have implications with respect to stock integrity and production of the following generation.

scholarly journals Maternal transfer of carbon and nitrogen to progeny of sea-run and resident brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2201-2210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy D. Jardine ◽  
Eric Chernoff ◽  
R. Allen Curry
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Maternal Transfer ◽  
Salmonid Fishes ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Emergence Traps

Early-life history characteristics of sea-run and resident salmonid fishes that co-exist in sympatry are poorly understood. To assess differences in characteristics of offspring of these two strategies following their emergence to the stream, stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) were used to identify the progeny of resident and sea-run female brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) in a tributary of the Miramichi River, New Brunswick, Canada. Upon emergence, sea-run progeny captured in emergence traps were longer, heavier, and had higher carbon to nitrogen ratios (C/N, an indicator of lipid content) than resident progeny, but did not have a higher body condition. After some feeding and growth in the stream, sea-run progeny (still identifiable by their δ13C and δ15N) captured in dip-nets became longer, heavier, had higher C/N, and had higher condition than resident progeny. The proportion of fish caught in dip nets at sites where the two forms co-existed was dominated by offspring of sea-run females (sea-run = 56%, resident = 19%, unknown = 25%). These analyses suggest that offspring of sea-run, female trout benefit from maternally derived energy reserves gained at sea and thus have potential adaptive advantages over offspring of residents.

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