Estimation of Circulation Time in Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1860-1863 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
Circulation Time ◽  
Dorsal Aorta ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Receptor Sites

Circulation time in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (mean weight 211.9 g) at 10 C was estimated by injecting Cardio-Green dye into the dorsal aorta and timing its reappearance at the site of injection. Circulation times ranged from 48 to 96 sec in the nine fish studied and had a mean value of 64.1 ± 16.4 sec. These circulation times are consistent with the known blood volume and cardiac output for rainbow trout.Such circulation times provide useful information on the theoretical positioning of receptors for the regulation of circulation and ventilation. Responses of trout to hypoxia or reduced gill water flow are too rapid to be initiated solely by a venous receptor considering these circulation times. Receptor sites must therefore be located in the arterial system or on the gills themselves.

Circulatory and Ventilatory Responses of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Artificial Manipulation of Gill Surface Area

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1609-1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Gill Area ◽  
Gill Surface Area ◽  
The Brain

Reductions in surface area of the gill were artificially produced by ligating various gill arches and occluding their blood supply. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) responded to a 40–57% reduction in gill area, by increasing cardiac output and ventilation volume, and probably by redistributing blood within the remaining functional gill area. Fish with blood flow to gill arches one and three only, could maintain arterial PO2 at 90–100 mm Hg, whereas, in those with blood flow to arches three and four only, arterial PO2 fell to around 40 mm Hg. The presence of a chemoreceptor site for the regulation of arterial PO2 associated with the efferent blood vessels of arch number one is discussed. Such a receptor may be located in the pseudobranch or in the portion of the brain supplied with arterial blood from the first gill arch.

Temperature-dependence of cardiac output and regional blood flow in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson

1987 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 735-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Barron ◽  
B. D. Tarr ◽  
W. L. Hayton
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri

scholarly journals Cardiac Output and Regional Blood Flow in Gills and Muscles after Exhaustive Exercise in Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
PETER NEUMANN ◽  
GEORGE F. HOLETON ◽  
NORBERT HEISLER
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Diffusion Resistance ◽  
Blood Flow Distribution

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were electrically stimulated to exhausting activity and the changes in cardiac output and blood flow distribution to gills and systemic tissues resulting from the developing severe lactacidosis were repeatedly measured by the microsphere method (15 μm). Determination of cardiac output by application of the Fick principle resulted in values not significantly different from cardiac output measured by the indicator dilution technique, suggesting that cutaneous respiration, oxygen consumption, and arterio-venous shunting were insignificant under these conditions. Following muscular activity, cardiac output was elevated by up to 60%. In the gills, the blood flow distribution in the gill arches showed a consistent pattern, even during lactacidosis, with a higher perfusion in gill arches II and III, and in the middle sections of individual gills. Blood flow to white and red muscle was increased much more than cardiac output (+230 and +490%, respectively) such that blood flow to other tissues was actually reduced. We conclude that the elimination of lactate from muscle cells during the recovery period from strenuous exercise is delayed, not as a result of an impaired post-exercise muscle blood flow, but probably as a result of a high diffusion resistance in the cell membrane. Note: Deceased.

Dynamic synchronization analysis of venous pressure-driven cardiac output in rainbow trout

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (4) ◽  
pp. R889-R896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne Robyn Minerick ◽  
Hsueh-Chia Chang ◽  
Todd M. Hoagland ◽  
Kenneth R. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Hilbert Transform ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Venous Compliance ◽  
Pressure Transducers ◽  
The Hilbert Transform

Measurement of venous function in vivo is inherently difficult. In this study, we used the Hilbert transform to examine the dynamic relationships between venous pressure and cardiac output (CO) in rainbow trout whose blood volume was continuously increased and decreased by ramp infusion and withdrawal (I/W). The dorsal aorta and ductus Cuvier were cannulated percutaneously and connected to pressure transducers; a flow probe was placed around the ventral aorta. Whole blood from a donor was then I/W via the dorsal aortic cannula at a rate of 10% of the estimated blood volume per minute, and the duration of I/W was varied from 40, 60, 80, 90, 120, 230, 240, 260, 300, and 340 s. Compliance [change in (Δ) blood vol/Δvenous pressure] was 2.8 ± 0.2 ml · mmHg-1 · g-1 ( N = 25 measurements; 6 fish with closed pericardium) and 2.8 ± 0.3 ml · mmHg-1 · kg-1 ( N = 19 measurements, 4 fish with open pericardium). Compliance was positively correlated with the duration of I/W, indicative of cardiovascular reflex responses at longer I/W durations. In trout with closed pericardium, CO followed venous pressure oscillations with an average time lag of 4.2 ± 1.0 s ( N = 9); heart rate (HR) was inversely correlated with CO. These studies show that CO is entrained by modulation of venous pressure, not by HR. Thus, although trout have a rigid pericardium, venous pressure (vis-a-tergo), not cardiac suction (vis-a-fronte), appears to be the primary determinant of CO. Estimation of venous compliance by ramp-modulation of venous pressure is faster and less traumatic than classical capacitance measurements and appears applicable to a variety of vertebrate species, as does the Hilbert transform, which permits analysis of signals with disparate frequencies.

The blood circulatory function of the dorsal aorta ligament in Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

2009 ◽  
Vol 175 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imants G. Priede
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Dorsal Aorta ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Circulatory Function

A588 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME (TBV) FROM CARDIAC OUTPUT AND MEAN CIRCULATION TIME

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 588A
Author(s):  
Gotz Wietasch ◽  
Thomas Scheeren ◽  
Andreas Hoeft ◽  
Joachim O. Arndt
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Circulation Time ◽  
Total Blood Volume ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Mean Circulation

Water Flow and Gas Exchange at the Gills of Rainbow Trout, Salmo Gairdneri

1971 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN C. DAVIS ◽  
JAMES N. CAMERON
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Perfusion Rate ◽  
Rubber Membrane ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Arterial Blood

1. Ventilation volume was measured directly in rainbow trout using a rubber membrane attached to the mouth which separated inspired and expired water and allowed collection of the latter. 2. Mean ventilation volume at 8.6 °C for 18 trout weighing approximately 200 g was 37±1.8 ml/min/fish. Mean ventilation rate and ventilatory stroke volume averaged 74 breaths/min and 0.5 ml/breath respectively. 3. Ventilation volume could be increased nearly sevenfold during moderate, shortterm hypoxia as a result of a large increase in ventilatory stroke volume and a small increase in ventilation rate. 4. The ratio between the flow rates of water and blood through the gills was approximately 10. 5. Percentage utilization of oxygen from inspired water had a mean of 46±1.5% and ranged from 23 to 64%. 6. Artificial perfusion of the gills with water at different flow rates was achieved by tying a tube into the mouth of trout. 7. Perfused fish could not saturate their arterial blood with oxygen at a perfusion rate of 45 ml/min but could do so at rates ranging from 85 to 1200 ml/min. 8. Low arterial tensions at a perfusion rate approximating the mean V·G of fish with oral membranes are probably the result of a poor pattern of water flow over the gills during perfusion. 9. Opercular movements occurred only at perfusion rates below 700 ml/min and increased in frequency as perfusion rate dropped. This ventilatory activity may have resulted from receptors sensitive either to water flow over the gills or to arterial Po2. 10. As perfusion rate went up cardiac output and oxygen uptake increased. These changes were accompanied by a drop in dorsal aortic pressure which reflected vasodilation of the gills and peripheral circulation. This change in the pattern of blood flow through the gills contributed to a 50% increase in oxygen transfer factor across the gills. 11. At the highest perfusion rates there was no apparent impairment of gas exchange even though anatomical deadspace was probably high.

Acceleration Performance of Rainbow Trout Salmo Gairdneri and Green Sunfish Lepomis Cyanellus

1975 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. WEBB
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Acceleration Rate ◽  
Locomotory Behaviour ◽  
Point Distance ◽  
Green Sunfish

High unsteady (acceleration) performance of rainbow trout (L = 14.3 cm) and green sunfish (L = 8.0 cm) was studied in response to electric shock stimulus. Acceleration movements were divisible into a preparatory stage 1 and a main propulsive stage 2. Locomotory behaviour varied between faststarts and turning manoeuvres. Taking the centre of mass for the stretched straight body as the reference point, distance covered with time was described by the equation; distance covered = a. (time)b. The mean value of b was 1.60 for trout and 1.71 for sunfish. The overall mean distance covered and time to the end of stage 2 was 5.36 cm in 0.078 sec for trout and 2.85 cm in 0.079 sec for sunfish. Velocity increased curvilinearly with time. Maximum values of 20 L/sec were observed, but overall mean values at the end of stage 2 were 8.5 L/sec for trout and 8.3 L/sec for sunfish. Acceleration rate was not uniform but decreased with time. Mean maximum values were calculated of 42 m/s2 for trout and 16 m/s2 for sunfish, but overall mean values for an acceleration movement were 13 m/s2 and 8 m/s2 for the two species respectively. The observed acceleration behaviour is more advantageous than uniform acceleration because a greater distance is covered and greater velocities acquired in a shorter time, while the increased energetic cost is only 2–3 % of the total energy expended.

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