Loch Lomond: Man's Effects on the Salmonid Community

Loch Lomond, the largest area of fresh water in Great Britain, has been utilised by man for many hundreds of years. There are fifteen species offish at present in the loch: all of these are native. Several of them have formed the basis of commercial and sport fisheries in the past but the only two species of importance at present (as sport fish) are salmon (Salmo salar) and trout (Salmo trutta). Man has influenced the loch in ways other than fishing: several fish species have been introduced (none successfully); nutrient input is increasing; loch water is used for domestic and industrial supply; many forms of recreation take place on the loch; and it is of major importance as an amenity. In spite of these stresses there is no indication of any major change in the fish populations within recorded time; nor is there any evidence that they will alter in the foreseeable future, providing a rational conservation programme is developed for the area.

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The machinery of the Irish parliamentary party in the general election of 1895

Irish Historical Studies ◽

10.1017/s0021121400027358 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 8 (30) ◽

pp. 115-139

Author(s):

F.S.L. Lyons

Keyword(s):

Great Britain ◽

Major Change ◽

Relative Strength ◽

General Election ◽

Home Rule ◽

The Past ◽

Long Time ◽

General Elections ◽

History Of ◽

Practical Politics

Each of the general elections that took place between 1885 and 1910 was significant in the history of the party, but that of 1895 had an interest peculiar to itself, setting it apart from the others in the series. It was not an election which brought about any major change in the relative strength of the various parties; it was not even notable for the number of seats to be contested. Nor was it fought upon any major issue of policy, since it was obvious to all but the most optimistic that home rule was not—and for a long time was not likely to be—a matter of practical politics; even the question of whether or not to continue the liberal alliance—a question hotly debated ever since Lord Rosebery's unpromising reference to home rule in March 1894—seemed largely academic in view of the probability of a unionist victory in Great Britain. For the Irish party—or, to speak more precisely, for the anti-Parnellites—the importance of the election of 1895 lay in quite a different direction; it lay in the fact that as a result of this campaign the methods whereby in the past the party had controlled the conduct of the elections over a large part of Ireland were deeply and permanently discredited, and the party itself confronted with a very serious crisis. It is the purpose of this paper to trace the development of that crisis, but before proceeding to consider it in detail, it will be necessary to describe very briefly the way in which this control over the elections was exercised.

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SIEĆ PARAFIALNA W DIECEZJI EŁCKIEJ

Civitas et Lex ◽

10.31648/cetl.2463 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 67-88

Author(s):

Ryszard Skawiński

Keyword(s):

Catholic Church ◽

Major Change ◽

The Past ◽

Russian State ◽

The Way

The Diocese of Ełk was established in 1992 as a major change in the structure of the Churchin Poland. It connects the land belonging in the past to various forms of the Polish state and theGerman state, as well as the Russian state. As a result of these conditions, the parishes of theRoman Catholic Church in this area have arisen in different circumstances and have distincttraditions. Parishes are currently experiencing similar problems. Within the Diocese of Ełk therewas an increase in the number of parishes and the process of unifying the way they functioned.

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Present Status of the Salmonids Atlantic Salmon and Sea-Trout in the Dutch Part of the River Rhine

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1994.0057 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 37-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

W. G. Cazemier

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Trutta ◽

Natural Populations ◽

River Rhine ◽

Sea Trout ◽

The Past ◽

The North ◽

Trout Population ◽

The North Sea ◽

Heavy Pollution

In the past, the anadromous salmonids, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and sea-trout (Salmo trutta), have formed natural populations in the river Rhine. From the beginning of the nineteenth century onwards, the greater part of the drainage area of the river has been gradually altered from a more or less rural and agricultural area, into a highly industrialised one with subsequent industrialisation, river-engineering and heavy pollution. These developments are considered to be the major cause for the disappearance of the populations of anadromous salmonid fish in the 1950s. The water quality has recovered significantly during the past 25 years. From about 1975 onwards, this process gave rise to a recovery of the anadromous trout population. Results of recent studies of the sea-trout migration pattern are presented. They reveal that nowadays these salmonids can complete their up- and downstream migrations from the North Sea to places, situated at hundreds of kilometres upward the river and vica versa. The numbers of recorded Atlantic salmon and catch locations in inland waters are presented. They show a significant increase since 1989. These phenomena can be understood as promising signs of the recovery of the Rhine aquatic ecosystem.

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An ecological shift in a remote coral atoll of Belize over 25 years

Environmental Conservation ◽

10.1017/s0376892998000174 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 122-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 87

Author(s):

TIMOTHY R. McCLANAHAN ◽

NYAWIRA A. MUTHIGA

Keyword(s):

Central America ◽

Major Change ◽

Acropora Cervicornis ◽

Hard Coral ◽

Population Densities ◽

Herbivorous Fishes ◽

Patch Reefs ◽

The Past ◽

Algal Abundance ◽

The Caribbean

Many coral reefs in the Caribbean, and elsewhere, have undergone changes from hard coral to fleshy algal dominance over the past two decades which has often been interpreted as a localized response to eutrophication and fishing. Here, data on the abundance of hard corals and algae from lagoonal patch reefs distributed throughout a large (260 km2) remote reef atoll located approximately 30 km offshore from the sparsely-populated coast of Belize, Central America, are compared with a study of these patch reefs conducted 25 years previously. Data and observations indicate that these patch reefs have undergone a major change in their ecology associated with a 75% reduction in total hard coral, a 99% loss in the cover of Acropora cervicornis and A. palmata, and a 315% increase in algae, which are mostly erect brown algae species in the genera Lobophora, Dictyota, Turbinaria and Sargassum. Such changes have been reported from other Caribbean reefs during the 1980s, but not on such a remote reef and the present changes may be attributed primarily to both a disease that began killing Acropora in this region in the mid 1980s and a reduction in herbivory. The low level of herbivory may be attributable to the disease-induced loss of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum in 1983, or fishing of herbivorous fishes, but both explanations are speculative. The present density of fisherfolk is low, and their efforts are not targetted at herbivorous fishes, and population densities of D. antillarum 14 years after the mortality are <1 individual per 1000 m2, but there is no comparative data from before the die off. There is, however, no indication that these major changes occurred on the fore reef, because A. palmata is abundant and erect algal abundance is low. We suggest that reported changes in other Caribbean reefs are not necessarily or exclusively influenced by local human factors such as localized intense eutrophication or fishing.

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