Acute Toxicity of Methyl Mercury Chloride and Mercuric Chloride for Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Fry and Fingerlings

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 2005-2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Wobeser
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Methyl Mercury ◽  
Tolerance Limit ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mercury Chloride

The median tolerance limit (MTL) for methyl mercury chloride at 24, 48, and 96 h was 0.084, 0.045, and 0.024 mg/liter as mercury, respectively, for fry; and 0.125, 0.066, and 0.042 mg/liter as mercury, respectively, for fingerlings. The MTL (24 h) for mercuric chloride for fingerlings was 0.90 mg/liter as mercury. Fingerlings exposed to methyl mercury chloride concentrated mercury in their tissues much more rapidly than did those exposed to mercuric chloride. The acute toxic action of both compounds was exerted on the gills. Mercuric chloride caused severe epithelial necrosis. Poisoning by methyl mercuric chloride was characterized by epithelial cell swelling and hyperplasia, a marked increase in the number of epithelial cells in mitosis, and terminal epithelial desquamation.

Prolonged Oral Administration of Methyl Mercury Chloride to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Fingerlings

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 2015-2023 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Wobeser
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Methyl Mercury ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mercury Chloride ◽  
Gill Epithelium ◽  
Morphologic Alteration ◽  
Cell Volumes

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fingerlings were fed rations containing 4, 8, 16, and 24 ppm mercury as methyl mercury chloride over a 105-day period. Fish receiving the 16- and 24-ppm rations had significantly higher blood packed cell volumes than did controls. Hyperplasia of the gill epithelium was the only morphologic alteration detected in these fish. Individual fish accumulated up to 30 ppm mercury in muscle tissue, but no mortality that could be attributed to mercury occurred.The results suggest that trout can tolerate a large body burden of mercury, if this mercury is acquired over a period of time.

Uptake of Methyl Mercuric Chloride and Mercuric Chloride by Trout: A Study of Uptake Pathways into the Whole Animal and Uptake by Erythrocytes in vitro

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1293-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Olson ◽  
Harold L. Bergman ◽  
Paul O. Fromm
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Methyl Mercury ◽  
Inorganic Mercury ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
High Affinity

Twenty-four hour uptake rate of either 203HgCl2 or CH3203HgCl by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was not affected by esophageal ligation. Uptake of these two mercurials in non-feeding trout appears to be by way of the gills. Methyl mercury enters the fish at a faster rate than the inorganic form and anomalous tissue distribution of these two mercurials suggests that inorganic mercury does not require methylation prior to entry into the fish.In vitro experiments using radioactive mercurials demonstrated high affinity of methyl mercury for red cells (up to 90% was bound to red cells in 40 min). Only 9% of inorganic mercury was taken up by red cells, but, this percentage was increased up to 65% if the cells were washed and suspended in Ringer solution prior to incubation with mercury.

Acute toxicity of zinc to juvenile and subadult rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri

1987 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 898-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Meisner ◽  
W. Quan Hum
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri

Assessment of the Acute Toxicity, Growth Impairment, and Flesh Tainting Potential of a Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent on Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Whittle ◽  
K. W. Flood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystem ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Effluent Concentration ◽  
Kraft Mill Effluent ◽  
Kraft Mill

Static and continuous-flow bioassays utilizing juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were conducted on a northern Ontario bleached kraft mill effluent to assess the range of acute toxicity and related sublethal effects. The acute toxicity of the total mill effluent, as determined by static bioassay procedures, ranged from a 96-h LC50 value of 14–49.0% vol/vol. The results of these bioassays depended on testing methodology and effluent treatment systems employed by the mill when samples were collected. Continuous-flow bioassays conducted on the effluent Produced 96-h LC50 values of 21.8 and 24.8% vol/vol. Growth rate of juvenile rainbow trout (1–2 g) held under continuous-flow conditions for 18 days was significantly reduced at 6% vol/vol effluent concentration (P < 0.05). Flavor of yearling rainbow trout [Formula: see text] exposed to 3% effluent for 48 h was significantly impaired (P < 0.05). This effluent concentration, the lowest level impairing flavor represents approximately 0.12 of the 96-h LC50 derived from continuous-flow bioassays. No significant flavor impairment was detected in fish exposed for 144 h to a 2% effluent concentration Flavor impairment at a 3% vol/vol effluent concentration, the most sensitive sublethal response measured in this study, may also be the most critical response when assessing the economic impact of a kraft mill discharge to a freshwater ecosystem.

The acute toxicity of vanadium and copper to eyed eggs of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1982 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 885-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Giles ◽  
J.F. Klaverkamp
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri

Acute toxicity of aflatoxins B1 and G1 in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana H. Bauer ◽  
Donald J. Lee ◽  
Russell O. Sinnhuber
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri

Temperature Effects on Mercury Accumulation, Toxicity, and Metabolic Rate in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. MacLeod ◽  
E. Pessah
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mercury Toxicity ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Magnification Factors

Mercury toxicity in rainbow trout fingerlings was related to temperature and chemical formulation of the mercury. At 10 C, the 24-hr TLm concentration (median tolerance limit) for mercuric chloride (HgCl2) was approximately 30 times that for phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA). The 96-hr TLm values for mercuric chloride at 5, 10, and 20 C were 0.40, 0.28, and 0.22 mg Hg/liter. The velocity of mortality, (V = reciprocal of time to death in hours), was linearly related to temperature. For a mercuric chloride concentration of 0.5 mg Hg/liter, V =.002 +.0023t, where t = temperature in centigrade degrees.Temperature also affected accumulation rate of mercury in the fish muscle. At 5, 10, and 20 C a mercuric chloride concentration of 0.1 mg Hg/liter in the water produced biological magnification factors (conc. in fish ÷ conc. in water) of 4, 10, and 22 ×, respectively, PMA produced higher magnification factors of 80–100 × at 10 C.Active metabolic rate, though increased by higher temperatures, was depressed by mercuric chloride, and higher temperatures augmented the depressant effect.

Effects of Diet, Ambient Temperature, and Holding Conditions on Plasma Thyroxine Levels in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 677-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Leatherland ◽  
C. Y. Cho ◽  
S. J. Slinger
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Light Phase ◽  
Cell Height ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Soybean Diet ◽  
Significant Diurnal Variation

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) acclimated to 19 °C and fed a pelleted diet of either 6% soybean oil or 6% tallow fat had similar plasma thyroxine levels (0.62 ± 0.10 and 0.69 ± 0.08 μg/100 ml, respectively), although fish acclimated to 7 °C and fed the soybean diet gave significantly (P < 0.05) higher plasma thyroxine concentration (1.32 ± 0.13 μg/100 ml) than the group fed the tallow fat diet (0.95 ± 0.12 μg/100 ml). The plasma thyroxine concentration in the fish fed the soybean oil diet was significantly (P < 0.01) higher at 7 °C than at 19 °C. There was no significant difference between the two groups of fish given the tallow fat diet. Epithelial cell heights were largest in groups with the highest plasma thyroxine levels. Epithelial cell height in the two groups at 19 °C were similar, but in both groups of fish at 7 °C, the cell height was significantly greater than in either of the groups at 19 °C (P < 0.01 for comparisons of the 19 °C tallow fat diet with both groups of 7 °C acclimated fish and comparison of the two groups on the soybean oil diet; P < 0.05 for comparisons of the 19 °C, soybean oil diet with the group held at 7 °C and given the tallow fat diet). Fish deprived of food for 40 days had a significantly (P < 0.05) lower plasma thyroxine concentration when compared with fish that had been fed daily. There was no significant diurnal variation in plasma thyroxine over the light phase of a 12 h light: 12 h dark photoperiod, nor did the limitation of light entering the aquaria significantly affect plasma thyroxine values. Key words: endocrine, thyroid, Salmo gairdneri, diet, environmental temperature

Acute Toxicity of Nitrite to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1653-1655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemarie C. Russo ◽  
Charlie E. Smith ◽  
Robert V. Thurston
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Flow Through

Flow-through bioassays on the acute toxicity of nitrite to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of four different sizes (2–235 g) showed median lethal concentration (LC50) values for 4 days ranging from 0.19 to 0.39 mg/liter NO2–N. For 12-g rainbow trout the asymptotic LC50 was 0.14–0.15 mg/liter NO2–N after 8 days.

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