Temperature Effects on Mercury Accumulation, Toxicity, and Metabolic Rate in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. MacLeod ◽  
E. Pessah
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mercury Toxicity ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Magnification Factors

Mercury toxicity in rainbow trout fingerlings was related to temperature and chemical formulation of the mercury. At 10 C, the 24-hr TLm concentration (median tolerance limit) for mercuric chloride (HgCl2) was approximately 30 times that for phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA). The 96-hr TLm values for mercuric chloride at 5, 10, and 20 C were 0.40, 0.28, and 0.22 mg Hg/liter. The velocity of mortality, (V = reciprocal of time to death in hours), was linearly related to temperature. For a mercuric chloride concentration of 0.5 mg Hg/liter, V =.002 +.0023t, where t = temperature in centigrade degrees.Temperature also affected accumulation rate of mercury in the fish muscle. At 5, 10, and 20 C a mercuric chloride concentration of 0.1 mg Hg/liter in the water produced biological magnification factors (conc. in fish ÷ conc. in water) of 4, 10, and 22 ×, respectively, PMA produced higher magnification factors of 80–100 × at 10 C.Active metabolic rate, though increased by higher temperatures, was depressed by mercuric chloride, and higher temperatures augmented the depressant effect.

Effect of Magnesium Sulphate and Cryoprotective Agents on Free Fatty Acid Formation in Cold-Stored Fish Muscle

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2237-2240 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. E. Jonas
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Cryoprotective Agents ◽  
Ringer’S Solution ◽  
Regular Increase

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) muscle was stored in 5% MgSO4 in Ringer's solution, 15% dimethyl sulphoxide in Ringer's solution, and 6% dextran in 0.9% NaCl, at −10 C for periods of 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The regular increase in free fatty acid (FFA) content was used as an index of muscle degradation. For the 12-week storage period at −10 C, the FFA content varied from 17.9 μmoles in fresh muscle to a maximum of 222 μmoles/100 g muscle for nonimmersed muscle. Samples immersed in MgSO4 solution alone showed a consistent statistically significant inhibition in FFA formation when compared with immersed and nonimmersed muscle controls. Immersion in DMSO produced the least visual deterioration in appearance, colour, and firmess of texture.

Glycerylphosphorylcholine and Related Compounds in Rainbow Trout Muscle Stored at −4 C

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. E. Jonas ◽  
E. Bilinski
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Enzymic Activity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Threefold Increase ◽  
Free Choline ◽  
Related Compounds ◽  
Trout Muscle

Glycerylphosphorylcholine in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) muscle stored at −4 C showed an increase from 36 μmoles/100 g in fresh muscle to 46 μmoles/100 g after 2 weeks. During longer periods of storage an approximately threefold increase in concentration took place, reaching 123 and 105 μmoles/100 g muscle after 9 and 17 weeks. Liberation of free choline was found to take place after 6 weeks of storage. There was very little change in the concentration of choline after 6 weeks storage when the value was approximately 100 μmoles/100 g. The release of free fatty acid during cold storage showed a general trend, which was similar to the formation of glycerylphosphorylcholine, but quantitatively the changes were more pronounced. Free fatty acids amounted to 45 μmoles/100 g in fresh muscle and rose to a plateau of approximately 1200 μmoles/100 g after 9 weeks of storage. The results are discussed in relation to the enzymic activity present in fish muscle.

Water Quality Modifies Uptake of Waterborne Methylmercury by Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 824-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Rodgers ◽  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Zinc Sulphate ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

We measured the efficiency of uptake of waterborne methylmercury relative to oxygen consumption for rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, in hard or soft water and during exposure to sublethal concentrations of mercuric chloride or zinc sulphate. The relative efficiency of methylmercury uptake in soft water was more than double that measured in hard water. When mercuric chloride was added with waterborne methylmercury, uptake efficiency was further increased, with similar values obtained in hard and soft water. In contrast, addition of zinc sulphate decreased the relative efficiency of methylmercury uptake. Water quality thus significantly affects the accumulation of waterborne methylmercury by fish. In particular, calcium-dependent changes in gill permeability may explain elevated methylmercury residues observed in fish from lakes of low alkalinity and pH.

Ecophysiology and Mercury Accumulation of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) When Exposed to Mercury in Various Concentrations of Chloride

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 710-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Z. Walczak ◽  
U. Theodore Hammer ◽  
P. Ming Huang
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Mercury Accumulation ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Plasma Sodium Level ◽  
White Blood Cell Counts ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) mortality was 100% when exposed to HgCl2 (2–10 μg∙Hg2+∙L−1) for 14 d in a natural low chloride medium. There was no mortality if the medium contained 100, 200, or 400 mg Cl−∙L−1 or more. Accumulation of mercury was highest in kidneys (0.65–13 μg∙g−1), spleen (0.31–4.2), gills (0.46–4.15), and liver (0.53–2.1) but accumulations differed for periods of exposure (14 or 42 d) and chloride concentration in the medium (100 or 200 mg Cl−∙L−1). In rainbow trout exposed to HgCl2 for 42 d, there were significant increases in plasma sodium level at 200 mg Cl−∙L−1 and significant decreases in plasma potassium, albumin, α1-globulin, and β-globulin levels in 100 mg Cl−∙L−1. No significant changes occurred in these parameters at other chloride concentrations or in erythrocytes, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, white blood cell counts, or chloride plasma levels. Although chloride concentrations in the media affect mercury accumulation by different organs as well as affecting physiological functions, there appears to be no direct relationship except for reduced mortality.

Influence of light on early development and meristic characters in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. MacCrimmon ◽  
Wen-Hwa Kwain
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Meristic Characters ◽  
Fin Rays ◽  
Test Light ◽  
Pelvic Fin

Initial mortality of newly fertilized rainbow trout eggs incubated in artificial light increased with intensity. The mortality among eyed eggs exposed to the same set of conditions was comparatively low regardless of intensity. Mortality, time to hatch, metabolic rate, and the number of vertebrae formed correlated positively with visible light intensity but only during the pre-eyed stage of incubation. By contrast, the numbers of dorsal and anal fin rays were affected by light intensity during the posteyed incubation period, the greatest number of rays on these fins occurring in fish incubated at light intensity of 10 lux. The numbers of pectoral and pelvic fin rays were constant at all test light intensities. Further research is imperative if the importance of light as an environmental factor in the early development of fish is to be understood.

Acute Toxicity of Methyl Mercury Chloride and Mercuric Chloride for Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Fry and Fingerlings

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 2005-2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Wobeser
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Methyl Mercury ◽  
Tolerance Limit ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mercury Chloride

The median tolerance limit (MTL) for methyl mercury chloride at 24, 48, and 96 h was 0.084, 0.045, and 0.024 mg/liter as mercury, respectively, for fry; and 0.125, 0.066, and 0.042 mg/liter as mercury, respectively, for fingerlings. The MTL (24 h) for mercuric chloride for fingerlings was 0.90 mg/liter as mercury. Fingerlings exposed to methyl mercury chloride concentrated mercury in their tissues much more rapidly than did those exposed to mercuric chloride. The acute toxic action of both compounds was exerted on the gills. Mercuric chloride caused severe epithelial necrosis. Poisoning by methyl mercuric chloride was characterized by epithelial cell swelling and hyperplasia, a marked increase in the number of epithelial cells in mitosis, and terminal epithelial desquamation.

Uptake of Methyl Mercuric Chloride and Mercuric Chloride by Trout: A Study of Uptake Pathways into the Whole Animal and Uptake by Erythrocytes in vitro

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1293-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Olson ◽  
Harold L. Bergman ◽  
Paul O. Fromm
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Methyl Mercury ◽  
Inorganic Mercury ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
High Affinity

Twenty-four hour uptake rate of either 203HgCl2 or CH3203HgCl by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was not affected by esophageal ligation. Uptake of these two mercurials in non-feeding trout appears to be by way of the gills. Methyl mercury enters the fish at a faster rate than the inorganic form and anomalous tissue distribution of these two mercurials suggests that inorganic mercury does not require methylation prior to entry into the fish.In vitro experiments using radioactive mercurials demonstrated high affinity of methyl mercury for red cells (up to 90% was bound to red cells in 40 min). Only 9% of inorganic mercury was taken up by red cells, but, this percentage was increased up to 65% if the cells were washed and suspended in Ringer solution prior to incubation with mercury.

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