The Effect of Adding Chitosan and Oxytetracycline to Wheat-Soybean Diet on The Productive Performance of Broiler Chickens

This experiment was conducted in the poultry farm of the Animal Production Department/College of Agriculture/Anbar University, for the period from 8/12/2019 until 23/3/2019 for (42 days). The experiment aims to compare the addition of two different levels of Chitosan and one level of antibiotic to the wheat-soybean diet and their effect on the productive performance of broiler chickens from the age of 7-42 days. The experimental treatments were T1: control (without any addition), T2: addition of 0.2 g Oxytetracycline/kg feed, T3: addition of 1 g Chitosan/kg feed and T4: addition of 2 g Chitosan/kg feed. The birds were randomly distributed to four treatments, with 3 replicates per treatment, and 12 birds for each replicate, where 144 chicks, 7 days old of Ross broiler chickens with an average weight of 168.7g were used in the experiment. The results showed that there were no significant differences in live body weight, weight increase and the relative growth rate of broiler, while significant differences occurred between treatments in the feed consumption rate during the first and fifth week and the duration from 7-21 days The T4 decreased significantly from T2 and T3, after which there was a significant decrease in the treatment of T3 from the T1 and T2 treatments in the fifth week. As for the feed conversion factor, there was no significant difference, as well as the percentage of mortality during the 7-42 days.

Dietary Soy Impact on Host Transcriptome Profile—A Review

Whether eaten, drank, or taken in the form of supplements, soybean has been a part of the human diet for centuries. The dietary use of soybean has been extensively proven to be beneficial for human health, protecting against a wide range of chronic diseases. However, our knowledge regarding the impact of soy intake on global gene expression is still incomplete. The present review summarizes and compares data describing the transcriptional changes in several tissues from two different phyla (fish and mammals) upon soybean diet supplementation. We performed comparative STRING-based pathway enrichment analysis of both individual and aggregated soy-induced transcriptome data in fish and mammals and identified the signaling pathways common between the two datasets. We hypothesize that these pathways represent a conserved transcriptome response to the soy-enriched dietary challenge.

Performance, Serum Biochemical and Immunological Parameters, and Digestive Enzyme and Intestinal Barrier-Related Gene Expression of Broiler Chickens Fed Fermented Fava Bean By-Products as a Substitute for Conventional Feed

Improving the nutritional quality of unconventional feed ingredients such as fava bean by-products can enhance their utilization by broiler chickens. Hence, the quality of fermented fava bean by-products (FFB), in addition to growth, nutrient digestibility, digestive enzyme, and intestinal barrier-related gene expression, and serum biochemical and immunological parameters were evaluated in response to different levels of FFB. A total of 500 1-day-old broiler chicks (46.00 ± 0.388 g) were allocated to five groups with 10 replicates each (100 chicks per treatment). The first group was fed a corn–soybean diet (control diet), and the other four groups were fed a diet containing 5, 15, 25, and 35% FFB for 38 days. Birds fed 25% FFB exhibited maximum body weight gain (increase by 12.5%, compared with the control group) and the most improved feed conversion ratio. Additionally, birds fed FFB at 15, 25, and 35% showed improved dry matter and crude protein digestibility. Moreover, birds fed FFB at 25 and 35% exhibited a decrease in ileal pH and an increase in fiber digestibility (p < 0.05). Upregulation of digestive enzyme genes (AMY2A, PNLIP, and CCK) was observed in groups fed with FFB. The most prominent upregulation of genes encoding tight junction proteins (claudin-1, occludin, and junctional adhesion molecules) in the duodenum was observed in chicks fed 25 and 35% FFB (increase of 0.66-, 0.31-, and 1.06-fold and 0.74-, 0.44-, and 0.92-fold, respectively). Additionally, the highest expression level of enterocyte protective genes [glucagon-like peptide (GLP-2), mucin-2 (MUC-2), and fatty acid-binding protein (FABP-6)] was detected in duodenum of chicks fed high levels of FFB. Substitution of corn–soybean diet with FFB had an inhibitory effect on cecal pathogenic microbes (Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens) and increased beneficial microflora (Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium), especially at high levels. Additionally, an increase was observed in IgM and lysozyme activity, with no effect on IgA in all groups fed FFB. All levels of FFB decreased cholesterol levels. Based on our results, we concluded that substitution of corn–soybean diet with FFB can improve the growth rate and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens, enhance their intestinal barrier functions, and increase the number of beneficial microorganisms. Using FFB at 25% had a positive effect on the growth performance of broiler chickens, and it could be utilized in poultry farms.

Enzyme-Treated Soybean Meal Replacing Extruded Full-Fat Soybean Affects Nitrogen Digestibility, Cecal Fermentation Characteristics and Bacterial Community of Newly Weaned Piglets

The study investigated the impact of soybean protein from different processing on the performance, dietary nitrogen digestibility, cecal fermentation characteristics, and bacterial community in newly weaned piglets. The piglets were allocated to two dietary treatment and fed with the extruded full-fat soybean diet (EFS group) and enzyme-treated soybean meal diet (ESBM group), respectively. The piglets in ESBM group showed greater nitrogen digestibility and feed efficiency, and lower diarrhea rate in comparison to piglets in EFS group (P < 0.05). Cecal samples from piglets in ESBM group contained greater concentration of acetate, propionate and total SCFAs (P < 0.05), and lower contents of isobutyrate, isovalerate, total BCFAs, NH3-N and putrescine (P < 0.05) than cecal samples from piglets in the EFS group. The cecal samples from piglets in ESBM group contained greater abundances of g_Blautia, g_Coprococcus_3, g_Fusicatenibacter, and g_Bifidobacterium than the cecal sample from piglets in the EFS group, which could promote to protect intestinal health. In summary, enzyme-treated soybean meal may enhance the growth performance of weaned piglets via increasing the dietary nitrogen digestibility, preventing protein fermentation in the hindgut, which shed light on the mechanism in regulating gut health of dietary protein.

Status of Certain Anthropometric Parameters of Males of Sasaram, India and Its Variation Due to Soybean Added Diet

The anthropometric parameters are regarded as sensitive indicators. The core elements of anthropometric parameters are bodyweight, height and body mass index. To assess certain anthropometric features of males of Sasaram in respect to the standards and the variations in these features due to 60 days feeding of soybean added diet was the purpose of the work. Experimental studies indicate that soybean added diet might facilitate loss of bodyweight. All subjects were observed for anthropometric measurements after feeding of routine diet and soybean added diet. The average bodyweight was 63.65±8.97kg of volunteers aged 20-59 years with a height of 162.0+6.0cm in controlled condition among 2127 males. The average height of volunteers of 162.0+6.0cm was found less than the present standard of the Bihar, India as well as the world. On the other hand, the average of body mass index was 24.88±3.01 kg/m2 among the volunteers of the above age group and was found less than the present standard of the world but more than the standard of India. Consumption of soybean added diet was related to a moderately significant decreased weight (p<0.01) and body mass index. The study helps in establishing the anthropometric features of people of this area in comparison to the standard of the state and the country. Key words: Bodyweight, Body mass index, Males, Sasaram, Soybean diet.

LC-QTOF/MS Untargeted Metabolomics of Sheep Milk under Cocoa Husks Enriched Diet

The aim of this work was to evaluate, by an untargeted metabolomics approach, changes of milk metabolites induced by the replacement of soybean hulls with cocoa husks in the ewes’ diet. Animals were fed with a soybean diet integrated with 50 or 100 g/d of cacao husks. Milk samples were analyzed by an ultra high performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a time of flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) platform. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the time of sampling profoundly affected metabolite levels, while differences between treatments were evident at the fourth week of sampling. Cocoa husks seem to induce level changes of milk metabolites implicated in the thyroid hormone metabolism and ubiquinol-10 biosynthesis.

Changes in metabolic nutrients utilization and alterations in biochemical and haematological indices in broilers fed graded levels of dietary Moringa oleifera

Graded levels of full-fat undecorticated Moringa oleifera seed meal (MOSM) were evaluated in diets of 96-day old broilers at 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% while a maize-soybean diet was used as a reference diet. Nutrients utilization by the broilers and effects of the virgin dietary MOSMon serum chemistry, haematology and some bio-data-protein efficiency ratio (PER) and nitrogen metabolism (NM) were used as response criteria for the evaluation. The metabolic utilization of nutrients, most of the serum chemistry and haematological parameters decreased in response to increasing dietary levels of MOSM except values on products of metabolism like creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin and conjugated bilirubin that tended to elevate with increasing levels of dietary unprocessed MOSM. Since no mortality was recorded in this experiment even at 7.5% MOSM inclusion, further research is on-going to determine the lethal level to poultry including other monogastric animals.

INTAKE AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION BY EARLY WEANED WEST AFRICAN DWARF KIDS FED SOYBEAN DIET AS REPLACER FOR MILK

Twenty-one early weaned West African dwarf (WAD) goats weighting 1 – 1.5kg at birth were used to asses the utilization of nutrients by kids fed soyabeans diet (SD) as replacer for milk. Replacement of milk with SD up to 50 percent had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on dry matter intake of kids. Nutrient digestibility values however decreased (P < 0.05) with replacement of milk with SD up to 50 percent level. The digestibility of nutrientts increased (P < 0.05)with age of the kids. Weight gain of the kids (up to 9 weeks of age) reduced with partial replacement of milk with SD up to 50 percent level. Values recorded for average daily weight gain (g/day) for the kids for diets containing 0, 25, and 50 percent SD were 11.2, 6.7 and 3.0, respectively at 4 weeks of age and 24.3, 19.2 and 7.8, respectively at 6 weeks of age. 25 percent replacement of milk with SD gave adequate performance pre-weaned kids. The result also showed that that the level of replacement of milk with SD could be increased up to 50 percent only after 6 weeks of age.

Multienzyme Super-Dosing in Broiler Chicken Diets: The Implications for Gut Morphology, Microbial Profile, Nutrient Digestibility, and Bone Mineralization

Optimizing gut health has a large impact on nutrient digestibility and bioavailability, and super-dosing feed enzymes may be one solution to achieve this. A 42-day grow-out trial was conducted using 192 Ross 308 broilers to determine if super-dosing Natuzyme at 0 g/t, 350 g/t, 700 g/t, and 1000 g/t dose rates could improve the gut morphology, alter the cecal microbial profile, enhance bone mineralization, and improve nutrient digestibility of a wheat–corn–soybean diet (six replicates per treatment, eight birds per pen). One bird per pen was slaughtered at day 42 and gut morphology, cecal microbial profile, and nutrient digestibility were studied. The addition of enzymes tended to increase the villus height in the duodenum, villus height, width, and crypt depth in the jejunum, and villus width and the number of goblet cells in the ileum. Microbial profiling revealed diverse communities; however, they did not significantly differ between treatment groups. Yet, 700 g/t Natuzyme promoted microbes belonging to the genus Romboutsia and Ruminococcus gauvreauii, while 1000 g/t Natuzyme promoted Barnesiella species. The nutrient digestibility demonstrated a significant improvement in all enzyme doses compared to the control. In conclusion, based on the outcomes of this study, a dose rate of 700 g/t Natuzyme is recommended to improve gut morphology and nutrient digestibility, and promote unique microbes which aid in feed efficiency.