A Rapid Method for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Pulpmill Effluents and Other Toxicants to Salmonid Fish at Ambient Room Temperature

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1303-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. McLeay
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Rapid Method ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Salmonid Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Residual Oxygen ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Ambient Room Temperature

A residual oxygen bioassay performed at ambient room temperature is examined as a rapid method for measuring the acute toxicity of pulpmill effluents and other toxicants to salmonid fish. Test results are evaluated in comparison with 96-h LC50 bioassays.At test temperatures of 19–22 C and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) loadings of 4–5 g/liter, residual oxygen levels were elevated in effluent concentrations equivalent to 0.5–0.9 of the samples’ 96-h LC50 values; these tests were completed within 5–6.5 h. Sensitivity increased only slightly with a loading of 1 g/liter and this test required 18 h for completion. Decreasing the number of fish per jar from 4 to 1 while holding fish loadings constant by varying the size of the test containers did not alter the test’s sensitivity. Results indicate that, with a loading of 4–5 g fish/liter and 10 replicates of 1 fish/jar, a residual oxygen bioassay at ambient room temperature is more sensitive than a 96-h LC50 batch replacement bioassay (2 liters/g fish per day). Under these conditions fish requirements are identical; the residual oxygen test is completed within 6.5 h and 32- to 40-fold reduction in volume of test solutions required is achieved.The procedure was evaluated with rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) using dehydroabietic acid, zinc, phenol, and lindane. Significant responses occurred with these toxicants at concentrations equivalent to 0.5–1.0 of the samples’ 96-h LC50 values and higher.

Leucocrit: A Simple Hematological Technique for Measuring Acute Stress in Salmonid Fish, Including Stressful Concentrations of Pulpmill Effluent

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 2156-2163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. McLeay ◽  
Michael R. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Salmonid Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Food Ration ◽  
Fish Blood ◽  
Effluent Exposure ◽  
Stock Values

The number of leucocytes and thrombocytes in the circulating blood of fishes seems to reflect more accurately than the number of erythrocytes the fish's reaction to acute stress, including that caused by pollution. To facilitate the estimation of leucocytes in fish blood, a new test is being introduced called leucocrit, which is based on the determination of the volume of packed leucocytes–thrombocytes expressed as a percentage of the whole blood. For stocks of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) held in freshwater under a variety of conditions, mean leucocrit values varied from 0.55 to 1.91%. Variations in age, species, food ration, degree of crowding, and prior disturbances offish stocks were associated with these differences. Leucocrit and leucocyte–thrombocyte counts for both species were depressed from stock values after 96-h or shorter (rainbow) exposure to stressful (high-temperature crowded) conditions; values for these measures were positively correlated but uncorrected with hematocrit values. Hematological values for subpopulations of underyearling rainbow trout reared under summer or winter photoperiod conditions were unaffected by photoperiod and responded similarly to acute stress. Leucocrit values for stocks of coho (1.30 ± 0.27%) and rainbow (0.92 ± 0.12%) were depressed due to transfer or acute exposure to bleached kraft pulpmill effluent (BKME). A 24-h exposure to BKME after 2 days' acclimation caused consistent leucocrit depressions, with median effective concentrations of 0.28 of the 96-h LC50 value for coho and 0.16 LC50 for rainbow. Hematocrit showed less sensitive or consistent changes due to stress or effluent exposure than leucocrit. Key words: leucocrit, leucocyte–thrombocyte count, hematocrit, blood, acute stress, BKME, pulpmill effluent, sublethal, salmonid fish, applications

Use of Sodium Pentachlorophenate and Dehydroabietic Acid as Reference Toxicants for Salmonid Bioassays

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Davis ◽  
Richard A. W. Hoos
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Sodium Pentachlorophenate ◽  
General Test ◽  
Accuracy Of Results ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Results of an interlaboratory bioassay standardization exercise involving seven independent fish bioassay laboratories in British Columbia are presented. Toxicity of standard solutions of sodium pentachlorophenate and dehydroabietic acid was determined in freshwater static bioassays with underyearling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) salmon. Reported LC50s for the three species ranged from 37 to 130 ppb for sodium pentachlorophenate and 1.03–2.14 ppm for dehydroabietic acid. In general, test results for individual species and toxicants were fairly consistent and major disparities could be explained in some instances by variations in physical and chemical characteristics of the bioassay such as water temperature, hardness, or pH. Fish size and condition factor appeared to have little effect on apparent toxicity over the ranges tested.The usefulness of reference toxicants for standardizing bioassays is emphasized and suggestions are made for improved test procedures and increasing accuracy of results. Guidelines for toxicity tests should include the use of reference toxicants as a means of standardizing bioassay results.

Changes in Immunological Parameters and Disease Resistance in Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Response to Dehydroabietic Acid Exposure under Varying Thermal Conditions

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith B. Tierney ◽  
Eric Stockner ◽  
Christopher J. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Shock ◽  
Exposure Temperature

Abstract This study explored the effects of a sublethal 96-h dehydroabietic acid (DHAA) exposure on aspects of the immune system of juvenile coho salmon under varying temperature conditions. Coho were exposed to DHAA concentrations below the determined LC50 value of 0.94 mg/L (95% confidence limits of 0.81 to 1.24 mg/L) for 96 h at either their acclimation temperature (8 or 18°C), or during an acute warm-shock (8 to 18°C) or cold-shock (18 to 8°C). Acclimation temperature alone significantly affected hematocrit (Hct), neutrophil respiratory burst activity (RBA) and leucocyte proportions. With temperature-shock, leucocrit (Lct), RBA and leucocyte proportions were altered. All parameters were affected by DHAA exposure, but not always in a dose-dependent manner. Across groups, DHAA caused Hct, lysozyme, thrombocyte, neutrophil and monocyte proportions to increase, and Lct, RBA and lymphocyte proportions to decrease. DHAA-temperature interactions resulted in the exacerbation of DHAA-induced effects. Exposure temperature had the most significant effect on the susceptibility of coho to Aeromonas salmonicida; fish were more susceptible at cold temperatures and when subjected to a temperature-shock compared to their respective controls. DHAA exposure modulated the response of temperature-shocked fish to this pathogen.

Acute toxicity of zinc to juvenile and subadult rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri

1987 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 898-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Meisner ◽  
W. Quan Hum
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri

Physiological Response of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Handling and Crowding Stress in Intensive Fish Culture

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2699-2702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Wedemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Fish Distribution ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Crowding Stress ◽  
Normal Feeding ◽  
Intensive Fish Culture

Moving 4–5-in. coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) held in soft (20 ppm CaCO3) water from the relatively light loading density of 0.5 lb/ft3 to 1, 2, or 4 lb/ft3 (density index, DI = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8) caused significant stress as indicated by loss of feeding behavior, but only minimal physiological disturbances, as indicated by lack of hyperglycemia or hypochloremia. However, moving them to 6 or 12 lb/ft3 (DI = 1.2, 2.4) caused significant physiological stress which required at least a week for recovery. Smolting coho salmon were physiologically stressed by population densities of 1 lb/ft3 or more and a subclinical corynebacterial kidney infection was activated. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) (4–5 in.) were physiologically stressed when moved and held at 1 lb/ft3 or more but retained normal feeding behavior. This indicates that handling and crowding stress will be minimized in softwater areas if densities in fish distribution trucks or in ponds or raceways during disease treatments are held to 0.1–0.5 lb/gal.

Toxicological effects of dehydroabietic acid (DHAA) on the trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, in fresh water

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimo Oikari ◽  
Björn-Erik Lönn ◽  
Maija Castrén ◽  
Tarja Nakari ◽  
Barbro Snickars-Nikinmaa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Toxicological Effects

Abstract P189: Method of Cold Saline Storage for Prehospital Induced Hypothermia

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitch Kampmeyer ◽  
Clifton W Callaway
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Prehospital Care ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Induced Hypothermia ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Storage Unit ◽  
Cold Saline ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ambient Room Temperature

Recent research supports the use of cold IV fluid as a method for initiating therapeutic hypothermia in post-cardiac arrest resuscitation. However, prehospital care programs employing this treatment have encountered various difficulties. Barriers to prehospital induced hypothermia protocols include the lack of effective or economically reasonable methods to maintain cold saline in the field. Objective. Determine the time that a standard commercial cooler can maintain two 1-liter normal saline solution (NSS) bags below 4°C in 3 different environments. Methods. Environments simulating an ambulance compartment were created for the experiment. NSS temperatures were continuously recorded inside a standard commercial cooler with or without ice packs (IPs) under one of three scenarios: ambient room temperature (25°C) without (IPs), ambient room temperature with IPs and 50°C ambient temperature with IPs. Four trials under each condition were performed. Time to warm to 4°C was compared using Kaplan-Meier log rank test. Results. In a room temperature environment with IPs, the NSS warmed to 4°C in a mean interval of 29 hrs 53 mins versus in ambient room temperature without IPs (1 hr 21 mins) versus in constant hot environment of 50°C with IPs (10 hrs 50 mins). A significant difference was found between the three environments (log-rank =17.90, dF =2, p =0.0001). Conclusions. Low technology methods in the form of a cooler and IPs can provide cold NSS storage for longer than a full 24 hour shift in a room temperature ambulance. In hot ambient conditions, 4°C NSS can be maintained for nearly 11 hours using this method. This model exhibits an economical, easily deployable cold saline storage unit.

Acute toxicity of Roundup® and Rodeo® herbicides to rainbow trout, chinook, and coho salmon

1987 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1028-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Mitchell ◽  
Peter M. Chapman ◽  
Timothy J. Long
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Coho Salmon

Assessment of the Acute Toxicity, Growth Impairment, and Flesh Tainting Potential of a Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent on Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Whittle ◽  
K. W. Flood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystem ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Effluent Concentration ◽  
Kraft Mill Effluent ◽  
Kraft Mill

Static and continuous-flow bioassays utilizing juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were conducted on a northern Ontario bleached kraft mill effluent to assess the range of acute toxicity and related sublethal effects. The acute toxicity of the total mill effluent, as determined by static bioassay procedures, ranged from a 96-h LC50 value of 14–49.0% vol/vol. The results of these bioassays depended on testing methodology and effluent treatment systems employed by the mill when samples were collected. Continuous-flow bioassays conducted on the effluent Produced 96-h LC50 values of 21.8 and 24.8% vol/vol. Growth rate of juvenile rainbow trout (1–2 g) held under continuous-flow conditions for 18 days was significantly reduced at 6% vol/vol effluent concentration (P < 0.05). Flavor of yearling rainbow trout [Formula: see text] exposed to 3% effluent for 48 h was significantly impaired (P < 0.05). This effluent concentration, the lowest level impairing flavor represents approximately 0.12 of the 96-h LC50 derived from continuous-flow bioassays. No significant flavor impairment was detected in fish exposed for 144 h to a 2% effluent concentration Flavor impairment at a 3% vol/vol effluent concentration, the most sensitive sublethal response measured in this study, may also be the most critical response when assessing the economic impact of a kraft mill discharge to a freshwater ecosystem.

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