Use of Sodium Pentachlorophenate and Dehydroabietic Acid as Reference Toxicants for Salmonid Bioassays

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Davis ◽  
Richard A. W. Hoos
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Sodium Pentachlorophenate ◽  
General Test ◽  
Accuracy Of Results ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Results of an interlaboratory bioassay standardization exercise involving seven independent fish bioassay laboratories in British Columbia are presented. Toxicity of standard solutions of sodium pentachlorophenate and dehydroabietic acid was determined in freshwater static bioassays with underyearling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) salmon. Reported LC50s for the three species ranged from 37 to 130 ppb for sodium pentachlorophenate and 1.03–2.14 ppm for dehydroabietic acid. In general, test results for individual species and toxicants were fairly consistent and major disparities could be explained in some instances by variations in physical and chemical characteristics of the bioassay such as water temperature, hardness, or pH. Fish size and condition factor appeared to have little effect on apparent toxicity over the ranges tested.The usefulness of reference toxicants for standardizing bioassays is emphasized and suggestions are made for improved test procedures and increasing accuracy of results. Guidelines for toxicity tests should include the use of reference toxicants as a means of standardizing bioassay results.

A Rapid Method for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Pulpmill Effluents and Other Toxicants to Salmonid Fish at Ambient Room Temperature

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1303-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. McLeay
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Rapid Method ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Salmonid Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Residual Oxygen ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Ambient Room Temperature

A residual oxygen bioassay performed at ambient room temperature is examined as a rapid method for measuring the acute toxicity of pulpmill effluents and other toxicants to salmonid fish. Test results are evaluated in comparison with 96-h LC50 bioassays.At test temperatures of 19–22 C and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) loadings of 4–5 g/liter, residual oxygen levels were elevated in effluent concentrations equivalent to 0.5–0.9 of the samples’ 96-h LC50 values; these tests were completed within 5–6.5 h. Sensitivity increased only slightly with a loading of 1 g/liter and this test required 18 h for completion. Decreasing the number of fish per jar from 4 to 1 while holding fish loadings constant by varying the size of the test containers did not alter the test’s sensitivity. Results indicate that, with a loading of 4–5 g fish/liter and 10 replicates of 1 fish/jar, a residual oxygen bioassay at ambient room temperature is more sensitive than a 96-h LC50 batch replacement bioassay (2 liters/g fish per day). Under these conditions fish requirements are identical; the residual oxygen test is completed within 6.5 h and 32- to 40-fold reduction in volume of test solutions required is achieved.The procedure was evaluated with rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) using dehydroabietic acid, zinc, phenol, and lindane. Significant responses occurred with these toxicants at concentrations equivalent to 0.5–1.0 of the samples’ 96-h LC50 values and higher.

Changes in Immunological Parameters and Disease Resistance in Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Response to Dehydroabietic Acid Exposure under Varying Thermal Conditions

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith B. Tierney ◽  
Eric Stockner ◽  
Christopher J. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Shock ◽  
Exposure Temperature

Abstract This study explored the effects of a sublethal 96-h dehydroabietic acid (DHAA) exposure on aspects of the immune system of juvenile coho salmon under varying temperature conditions. Coho were exposed to DHAA concentrations below the determined LC50 value of 0.94 mg/L (95% confidence limits of 0.81 to 1.24 mg/L) for 96 h at either their acclimation temperature (8 or 18°C), or during an acute warm-shock (8 to 18°C) or cold-shock (18 to 8°C). Acclimation temperature alone significantly affected hematocrit (Hct), neutrophil respiratory burst activity (RBA) and leucocyte proportions. With temperature-shock, leucocrit (Lct), RBA and leucocyte proportions were altered. All parameters were affected by DHAA exposure, but not always in a dose-dependent manner. Across groups, DHAA caused Hct, lysozyme, thrombocyte, neutrophil and monocyte proportions to increase, and Lct, RBA and lymphocyte proportions to decrease. DHAA-temperature interactions resulted in the exacerbation of DHAA-induced effects. Exposure temperature had the most significant effect on the susceptibility of coho to Aeromonas salmonicida; fish were more susceptible at cold temperatures and when subjected to a temperature-shock compared to their respective controls. DHAA exposure modulated the response of temperature-shocked fish to this pathogen.

Physiological Response of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Handling and Crowding Stress in Intensive Fish Culture

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2699-2702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Wedemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Fish Distribution ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Crowding Stress ◽  
Normal Feeding ◽  
Intensive Fish Culture

Moving 4–5-in. coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) held in soft (20 ppm CaCO3) water from the relatively light loading density of 0.5 lb/ft3 to 1, 2, or 4 lb/ft3 (density index, DI = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8) caused significant stress as indicated by loss of feeding behavior, but only minimal physiological disturbances, as indicated by lack of hyperglycemia or hypochloremia. However, moving them to 6 or 12 lb/ft3 (DI = 1.2, 2.4) caused significant physiological stress which required at least a week for recovery. Smolting coho salmon were physiologically stressed by population densities of 1 lb/ft3 or more and a subclinical corynebacterial kidney infection was activated. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) (4–5 in.) were physiologically stressed when moved and held at 1 lb/ft3 or more but retained normal feeding behavior. This indicates that handling and crowding stress will be minimized in softwater areas if densities in fish distribution trucks or in ponds or raceways during disease treatments are held to 0.1–0.5 lb/gal.

Toxicological effects of dehydroabietic acid (DHAA) on the trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, in fresh water

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimo Oikari ◽  
Björn-Erik Lönn ◽  
Maija Castrén ◽  
Tarja Nakari ◽  
Barbro Snickars-Nikinmaa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Toxicological Effects

scholarly journals Forensic Engineering Analysis Of Bicycle Versus Pickup Collision

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry S. Ogden
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Engineering Analysis ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Vehicle To Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
Vehicle Impact ◽  
General Test ◽  
Forensic Engineering ◽  
A Minor

The Forensic Engineering Analysis Of Bicycle-Vehicle Incidents Presents Its Own Unique Set Of Challenges. Often, The Forensic Engineer Is Faced With A Limited Data Set For Determining Vehicle Impact Speed From The Physical Evidence Produced By A Bicycle Collision With An Automobile, Which May Not Be Of Issue For A Vehicle-To-Vehicle Collision At Similar Speeds. This Paper Analyzes A Collision Between A Light Duty Pickup Pulling A Tandem Axle Utility Trailer And A Bicycle Ridden By A Minor Child. There Were Allegations That The Pickup Was Traveling At A High Speed Above The Speed Limit, As Well As Passing Another Vehicle At The Time Of The Incident. In Order To Accurately And Dependably Determine The Speed Of The Ford F350 Pickup Involved In This Incident Event, This Forensic Engineer Elected To Recreate The Vehicle Locked Wheel Skidding Evidence That Was Produced During The Incident Event And Photographically Recorded By Police Investigators. The Dynamic Skid Testing Technique, Test Equipment, And General Test Procedures Used To Accurately Determine Vehicle Speeds For This Incident Event, And How It Can Be Applied To Similar Collision Events Are Discussed In This Paper

Comparative gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes from salmonid fishes

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1110-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Mommsen
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Isolated Hepatocytes ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Endogenous Glucose Production ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Salmonid Fishes ◽  
Isolated Mitochondria

Rates of gluconeogenic flux and substrate oxidation are assessed in isolated hepatocytes from three species of salmonid fishes: rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Coho salmon displays the highest capacity for gluconeogenesis from lactate and alanine, but rates are well below those of eels. Enzyme compartmentation on isolated mitochondria shows that in trout and sockeye, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is almost entirely localized in the mitochondrion and the cytosol, respectively, while in the coho, 40% of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity is associated with the cytosol. Freshly isolated salmonid hepatocytes are in negative glycogen balance. It is established here that at low (<250 μmol glucosyl units/g) glycogen concentrations a linear relationship exists between the rate of endogenous glucose production and the initial glycogen concentration. High rates of endogenous glycogen breakdown necessitate the use of radiotracers for determining gluconeogenic fluxes in fish hepatocytes. Rates of gluconeogenesis calculated from radiolabel experiments are compared with nonlabelled lactate and are determined not to be significantly different from each other. It is concluded that in fish hepatocytes, (i) radiotracer experiments give accurate estimates of gluconeogenesis, (ii) dilution of label at the oxalacetate level is insignificant, and, consequently, (iii) rates of 14CO2 production are a valid measure of true substrate oxidation.

Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia: Comparative Susceptibility of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Hybrids (S. gairdneri × Oncorhynchus kisutch) to Experimental Infection

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1205-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilma M. Ord ◽  
Monique Le Berre ◽  
Pierre de Kinkelin
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia ◽  
Comparative Susceptibility

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fry and yearlings were compared with hybrids of rainbow trout and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) for susceptibility to viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS). In three trials, exposure to waterborne infectivity consistently resulted in a 77% mortality of rainbow trout fry while loss among the hybrid fry averaged only 11%. Tests showed survivors might be carriers of virus. Hybrid yearlings infected by gill brushing were fully refractory to VHS whereas mortality (3:8) and viremia were recorded among gill-infected rainbow trout yearlings.

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