Changes in Immunological Parameters and Disease Resistance in Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Response to Dehydroabietic Acid Exposure under Varying Thermal Conditions

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith B. Tierney ◽  
Eric Stockner ◽  
Christopher J. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Shock ◽  
Exposure Temperature

Abstract This study explored the effects of a sublethal 96-h dehydroabietic acid (DHAA) exposure on aspects of the immune system of juvenile coho salmon under varying temperature conditions. Coho were exposed to DHAA concentrations below the determined LC50 value of 0.94 mg/L (95% confidence limits of 0.81 to 1.24 mg/L) for 96 h at either their acclimation temperature (8 or 18°C), or during an acute warm-shock (8 to 18°C) or cold-shock (18 to 8°C). Acclimation temperature alone significantly affected hematocrit (Hct), neutrophil respiratory burst activity (RBA) and leucocyte proportions. With temperature-shock, leucocrit (Lct), RBA and leucocyte proportions were altered. All parameters were affected by DHAA exposure, but not always in a dose-dependent manner. Across groups, DHAA caused Hct, lysozyme, thrombocyte, neutrophil and monocyte proportions to increase, and Lct, RBA and lymphocyte proportions to decrease. DHAA-temperature interactions resulted in the exacerbation of DHAA-induced effects. Exposure temperature had the most significant effect on the susceptibility of coho to Aeromonas salmonicida; fish were more susceptible at cold temperatures and when subjected to a temperature-shock compared to their respective controls. DHAA exposure modulated the response of temperature-shocked fish to this pathogen.

scholarly journals Acclimation temperature affects thermal reaction norms for energy reserves in Drosophila

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Klepsatel ◽  
Thirnahalli Nagaraj Girish ◽  
Martina Gáliková
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Thermal Reaction ◽  
Reaction Norms ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Tropical Zone ◽  
Energy Stores ◽  
Different Temperatures

AbstractOrganisms have evolved various physiological mechanisms to cope with unfavourable environmental conditions. The ability to tolerate non-optimal thermal conditions can be substantially improved by acclimation. In this study, we examined how an early-life acclimation to different temperatures (19 °C, 25 °C and 29 °C) influences thermal reaction norms for energy stores in Drosophila adults. Our results show that acclimation temperature has a significant effect on the amount of stored fat and glycogen (and their relative changes) and the optimal temperature for their accumulation. Individuals acclimated to 19 °C had, on average, more energy reserves than flies that were initially maintained at 25 °C or 29 °C. In addition, acclimation caused a shift in optimal temperature for energy stores towards acclimation temperature. We also detected significant population differences in this response. The effect of acclimation on the optimal temperature for energy stores was more pronounced in flies from the temperate climate zone (Slovakia) than in individuals from the tropical zone (India). Overall, we found that the acclimation effect was stronger after acclimation to low (19 °C) than to high (29 °C) temperature. The observed sensitivity of thermal reaction norms for energy reserves to acclimation temperature can have important consequences for surviving periods of food scarcity, especially at suboptimal temperatures.

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for nonlethal detection of Aeromonas salmonicida in salmonid mucus and its potential for other bacterial fish pathogens

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Quinn ◽  
Roselynn M.W. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Organ Culture ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Band Pattern ◽  
Yersinia Ruckeri ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rDNA was used to nonlethally detect Aeromonas salmonicida and other bacteria in salmonid skin mucus. Mucus samples from wild spawning coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) with endemic A. salmonicida and from cultured lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) were tested by PCR–DGGE and were compared with mucus culture on Coomassie brilliant blue agar and internal organ culture. PCR–DGGE gave a highly reproducible 4-band pattern for 9 strains of typical A. salmonicida, which was different from other Aeromonas spp. Aeromonas salmonicida presence in mucus was evident as a band that comigrated with the bottom band of the A. salmonicida 4-band pattern and was verified by sequencing. PCR–DGGE found 36 of 52 coho salmon positive for A. salmonicida, compared with 31 positive by mucus culture and 16 by organ culture. Numerous other bacteria were detected in salmonid mucus, including Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella putrefaciens , Aeromonas hydrophila and other aeromonads. However, Yersinia ruckeri was not detected in mucus from 27 lake trout, but 1 fish had a sorbitol-positive Y. ruckeri isolated from organ culture. Yersinia ruckeri seeded into a mucus sample suggested that PCR–DGGE detection of this bacterium from mucus was possible. PCR–DGGE allows nonlethal detection of A. salmonicida in mucus and differentiation of some Aeromonas spp. and has the potential to allow simultaneous detection of other pathogens present in fish mucus.

A Rapid Method for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Pulpmill Effluents and Other Toxicants to Salmonid Fish at Ambient Room Temperature

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1303-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. McLeay
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Rapid Method ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Salmonid Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Residual Oxygen ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Ambient Room Temperature

A residual oxygen bioassay performed at ambient room temperature is examined as a rapid method for measuring the acute toxicity of pulpmill effluents and other toxicants to salmonid fish. Test results are evaluated in comparison with 96-h LC50 bioassays.At test temperatures of 19–22 C and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) loadings of 4–5 g/liter, residual oxygen levels were elevated in effluent concentrations equivalent to 0.5–0.9 of the samples’ 96-h LC50 values; these tests were completed within 5–6.5 h. Sensitivity increased only slightly with a loading of 1 g/liter and this test required 18 h for completion. Decreasing the number of fish per jar from 4 to 1 while holding fish loadings constant by varying the size of the test containers did not alter the test’s sensitivity. Results indicate that, with a loading of 4–5 g fish/liter and 10 replicates of 1 fish/jar, a residual oxygen bioassay at ambient room temperature is more sensitive than a 96-h LC50 batch replacement bioassay (2 liters/g fish per day). Under these conditions fish requirements are identical; the residual oxygen test is completed within 6.5 h and 32- to 40-fold reduction in volume of test solutions required is achieved.The procedure was evaluated with rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) using dehydroabietic acid, zinc, phenol, and lindane. Significant responses occurred with these toxicants at concentrations equivalent to 0.5–1.0 of the samples’ 96-h LC50 values and higher.

A Leukocytolytic Factor Isolated from Cultures of Aeromonas salmonicida

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1118-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Fuller ◽  
K. S. Pilcher ◽  
J. L. Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Amino Sugars ◽  
Avirulent Strain

A substance characterized as a glycoprotein, isolated from the supernatant fluids of broth cultures of Aeromonas salmonicida by a combination of ammonium sulfate and ethanol precipitations followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, was cytolytic for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) leukocytes, and antigenic when injected into rabbits. The ratio of protein to hexose determined by analysis of the purified fraction was between 0.35 and 0.45, and small amounts of amino sugars were detected. A virulent strain of A. salmonicida produced much more of this factor than an avirulent strain. This factor was cytolytic for leukocytes in vitro and also produced a pronounced leukopenia when injected intravenously in adult rainbow trout. When injected in small coho salmon (Oncorhyncus kisutch) 8–13 cm long together with about one LD50 of live A. salmonicida 36 of 40 fish succumbed to the combination, whereas only 14 of 40 died from an injection of the bacterium alone. Thus, the pathogenicity of the organism was enhanced, presumably by increasing the susceptibility of the host. Hence, this glycoprotein apparently is one of the virulence factors of this bacterium. Key words: leukocytolytic factor, Aeromonas salmonicida, glycoprotein, virulence factor

scholarly journals Aeromonas salmonicida Binds Differentially to Mucins Isolated from Skin and Intestinal Regions of Atlantic Salmon in anN-Acetylneuraminic Acid-Dependent Manner

2014 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 5235-5245 ◽  
Author(s):  
János T. Padra ◽  
Henrik Sundh ◽  
Chunsheng Jin ◽  
Niclas G. Karlsson ◽  
Kristina Sundell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Distal Intestine ◽  
Acetylneuraminic Acid ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Glycan Chain

ABSTRACTAeromonas salmonicidasubsp.salmonicidainfection, also known as furunculosis disease, is associated with high morbidity and mortality in salmonid aquaculture. The first line of defense the pathogen encounters is the mucus layer, which is predominantly comprised of secreted mucins. Here we isolated and characterized mucins from the skin and intestinal tract of healthy Atlantic salmon and studied howA. salmonicidabound to them. The mucins from the skin, pyloric ceca, and proximal and distal intestine mainly consisted of mucins soluble in chaotropic agents. The mucin density and mucin glycan chain length from the skin were lower than were seen with mucin from the intestinal tract.A. salmonicidabound to the mucins isolated from the intestinal tract to a greater extent than to the skin mucins. The mucins from the intestinal regions had higher levels of sialylation than the skin mucins. Desialylating intestinal mucins decreasedA. salmonicidabinding, whereas desialylation of skin mucins resulted in complete loss of binding. In line with this,A. salmonicidaalso bound better to mammalian mucins with high levels of sialylation, andN-acetylneuraminic acid appeared to be the sialic acid whose presence was imperative for binding. Thus, sialylated structures are important forA. salmonicidabinding, suggesting a pivotal role for sialylation in mucosal defense. The marked differences in sialylation as well asA. salmonicidabinding between the skin and intestinal tract suggest interorgan differences in the host-pathogen interaction and in the mucin defense againstA. salmonicida.

Effects of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin on the in-vitro uptake of sulphate by eel branchial cartilage: evidence for the presence of independent hepatic and pancreatic sulphation factors

1992 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Duan ◽  
T. Hirano
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Bovine Insulin ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Cartilage Growth ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Growth Factor I

ABSTRACT The possible roles of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin in regulating cartilage growth were studied in the teleost Anguilla japonica. Significant sulphation activity was found in the extracts of pancreas, liver and muscle, but not in those of kidney, intestine or spleen. The hepatic sulphation activity was significantly decreased by hypophysectomy or by fasting for 14 days, suggesting that this activity is regulated by pituitary function and nutritional status. Northern blot analysis revealed that the hepatic IGF-I mRNA in the eel consists of a major 4·0 kb band. This mRNA was GH-dependent and was significantly decreased by fasting for 14 days. On the other hand, fasting for 14 days had no significant effect on pancreatic sulphation activity. Pancreatic extracts from both intact and hypophysectomized eels exhibited equally significant stimulating activity. Addition of bovine or human insulin (1–250 ng/ml) to the culture medium significantly stimulated sulphate uptake in a dose-dependent manner. Teleost (coho salmon) insulin was as effective as bovine insulin. Bovine insulin was more effective than IGF-I at lower concentrations (1–4 ng/ml) but less effective at higher concentrations (10–250 ng/ml). These results indicate that not only IGF-I but also insulin are likely to be involved in the regulation of cartilage growth in the eel. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 133, 211–219

Caveolin-1-ablated mice survive in cold by nonshivering thermogenesis despite desensitized adrenergic responsiveness

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (3) ◽  
pp. E374-E383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte L. Mattsson ◽  
Robert I. Csikasz ◽  
Irina G. Shabalina ◽  
Jan Nedergaard ◽  
Barbara Cannon
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Nonshivering Thermogenesis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Caveolin 1 ◽  
Brown Adipose

Caveolin-1 (Cav1)-ablated mice display impaired lipolysis in white adipose tissue. They also seem to have an impairment in brown adipose tissue function, implying that Cav1-ablated mice could encounter problems in surviving longer periods in cold temperatures. To investigate this, Cav1-ablated mice and wild-type mice were transferred to cold temperatures for extended periods of time, and parameters related to metabolism and thermogenesis were investigated. Unexpectedly, the Cav1-ablated mice survived in the cold. There were no differences between Cav1-ablated and wild-type mice with regard to food intake, in behavior related to shivering, or in body temperature. The Cav1-ablated mice had a halved total fat content independently of acclimation temperature. There was no difference in brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) protein amount, and isolated brown fat mitochondria were thermogenically competent but displayed 30% higher thermogenic capacity. However, the β3-adrenergic receptor amount was reduced by about one-third in the Cav1-ablated mice at all acclimation temperatures. Principally in accordance with this, a higher than standard dose of norepinephrine was needed to obtain full norepinephrine-induced thermogenesis in the Cav1-ablated mice; the higher dose was also needed for the Cav1-ablated mice to be able to utilize fat as a substrate for thermogenesis. In conclusion, the ablation of Cav1 impairs brown adipose tissue function by a desensitization of the adrenergic response; however, the desensitization is not evident in the animal as it is overcome physiologically, and Cav1-ablated mice can therefore survive in prolonged cold by nonshivering thermogenesis.

scholarly journals Pharmacological and biochemical studies on the protective effects of melatonin during stress-induced behavioral and immunological changes in relation to oxidative stress in rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishi Pal ◽  
Kavita Gulati ◽  
B.D. Banerjee ◽  
Arunabha Ray
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Brain Homogenate ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Test Parameters ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
Immunological Changes

Stress is known to precipitate neuropsychiatric diseases, and depending upon its nature and intensity it can also influence the functioning of the immune system. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy tryptamine) a pineal gland hormone and potent antioxidant is known to protect against many diseases. Effect of melatonin in stress-induced neuro-immunomodulation is not well elucidated. Therefore in the present study, the protective effects of melatonin were evaluated in restraint stress (RS)-induced behavioral and immunological changes in rats. RS for 1 h significantly reduces (i) percentage of open-arm entries and (ii) percentage of time spent on open-arm in elevated plus maze (EPM) test parameters (p < 0.01) and significant increase in MDA levels in brain homogenate when compared to non-RS control groups (p < 0.05). In immunological studies, both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to antigen were significantly suppressed by RS for 1 h for 5 consecutive days, as evidenced by significant reduction in (i) anti-SRBC antibody titre, (ii) PFC counts, (iii) percentage change in paw volume, and (iv) Th1 (IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4) cytokine levels (p < 0.001 in all parameters). These RS-induced immunological changes were associated with significantly increased lipid peroxidation (MDA) levels in serum and significantly decreased activity of (i) SOD, (ii) CAT, and (iii) GSH levels in RS (X5)-exposed group (p < 0.02). Pretreatment with melatonin (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg) significantly reversed these RS-induced changes in EPM test parameters and humoral and cell-mediated immunological parameters, as well as oxidative stress markers in a dose-dependent manner by differential degrees (p < 0.001). Results are strongly suggestive of the involvement of free radicals during stress-induced neurobehavioral and immunological changes. These changes were significantly restored by melatonin pretreatment. We can conclude that melatonin may have a protective role during such stress-induced neuro-immunomodulation.

Zearalenone-induced changes in biochemical parameters, oxidative stress and apoptosis in cardiac tissue

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 623-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Ben Salem ◽  
M Boussabbeh ◽  
F Neffati ◽  
MF Najjar ◽  
S Abid-Essefi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cardiac Tissue ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Protein Carbonyls ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Immunological Parameters

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin from Fusarium species commonly found in food commodities and is known to cause reproductive disorders. Several in vivo studies have shown that ZEN is haematotoxic and hepatotoxic and causes several alterations of immunological parameters. Meantime, the available information on the cardiotoxic effects of ZEN is very much limited. In the present study, we investigated the toxic effects of ZEN in heart tissues of Balb/c mice. We demonstrated that ZEN (40 mg kg−1 body weight (b.w.)) increased creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and induced oxidative stress as monitored by measuring the malondialdehyde level, the generation of protein carbonyls, the catalase and superoxide dismutase activity and the expression of the heat shock proteins (Hsp 70). We also demonstrated that acute administration of ZEN triggers apoptosis in cardiac tissue. Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of crocin (CRO), a natural carotenoid, to prevent ZEN-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. In fact, combined treatment of ZEN with different doses of CRO (50, 100, and 250 mg kg−1 b.w.) showed a significant reduction of ZEN-induced toxicity for all tested markers in a dose-dependent manner. It could be concluded that CRO was effective in the protection against ZEN-induced toxicity in cardiac tissue.

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