Pathogenic Vibrios in Confinement-Reared and Feral Fishes of the Maine–New Hampshire Coast

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Strout ◽  
E. S. Sawyer ◽  
B. A. Coutermarsh
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Vibrio Anguillarum ◽  
Pseudopleuronectes Americanus ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Pathogenic Vibrio ◽  
Test Fish ◽  
Pathogenic Vibrios ◽  
Gel Diffusion

Vibrio anguillarum was isolated from moribund or fresh dead confinement-reared or feral fishes from the Maine–New Hampshire coast. All Vibrio isolates were tested for pathogenicity by inoculation into 12–15 cm-coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolts reared in fresh water. In 1975, of 35 isolates from confinement-reared fishes, 29 were Vibrio and 22 of these killed test fish; 1 of 4 isolates from feral fishes was a pathogenic Vibrio. In 1976, of 69 isolates from cultured fishes, 52 were Vibrio and 12 were pathogenic; 39 of 59 isolates from feral fishes were Vibrio, yet only 1 was pathogenic. One group of Vibrio isolates, all from winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), killed all salmon smolts the same day of injection; one strain (569) consistently killed smolts within 3–4 h after inoculation. With microtiter methods, agglutinin titers of rabbit antisera were determined against all pathogenic V. anguillarum isolates. Three distinct antigenic groups of V. anguillarum, confirmed by agar-gel diffusion and challenge, were found on the Maine–New Hampshire coast. Although two of these groups appear to be antigenically similar to West Coast strains 775 and 1669, a third group shows little relationship to other East Coast–West Coast serotypes. Key words: Vibrio anguillarum, coho salmon, pathogenic Vibrio, confinement-reared (cultured) fishes, serotypes, agar-gel diffusion

Comparative Susceptibility of Atlantic (Salmo salar) and Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Salmon to Three Strains ofVibrio anguillarum From The Maine – New Hampshire Coast

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn S. Sawyer ◽  
Richard G. Strout ◽  
Bonita A. Coutermarsh
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Marine Bacteria ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Vibrio Anguillarum ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Comparative Susceptibility ◽  
Water Transmission

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were found to be as susceptible as coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to Maine–New Hampshire strains of Vibrio anguillarum used in both injection and water transmission exposure. Exposure to 1–2.5 × 105 organisms/mL of one strain (569) in the water for 1 h killed 80–100% of Atlantic salmon at 10 and 15 °C. Should similar water exposure conditions occur in Maine estuaries, newly released Atlantic salmon smolts may encounter lethal levels of V. anguillarum. Key words: Vibrio anguillarum, Salmo salar, Atlantic salmon, susceptibility, marine bacteria.

Effects of Early Rearing Environment on Stress Response, Immune Function, and Disease Resistance in Juvenile Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook Salmon (O.tshawytscha)

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kira Salonius ◽  
George K. Iwama
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Vibrio Anguillarum ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Handling Stress ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Natural Water Body

Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (0. tshawytscha) from aquaculture and wild environments were subjected to handling (30–60 s of netting and aerial emersion) and disease challenges. Plasma cortisol concentrations ([cortisol]pl) in both coho and chinook salmon from wild environments were significantly elevated 4 h after handling. Colonized coho salmon (hatchery-reared fish, transported into a natural water body as fry) responded in a similar fashion to wild fish, while those reared entirely in the hatchery showed no significant rise in [cortisol]pl. The responses to handling stress were retained in wild and colonized coho salmon after 7 mo of hatchery rearing. A transient increase in the leukocyte to red blood cell ratio in both wild and hatchery-reared chinook salmon occurred 4 h after handling. Handling signficantly decreased the antibody-producing cell (APC) number in wild fish and elevated their [cortisol]plrelative to hatchery fish. Wild fish had the highest APC number among the three groups before the handling. No difference in resistance to Vibrio anguillarum was apparent in coho and chinook salmon among the different rearing environments, although chinook salmon were generally more susceptible; disease resistance was reduced in wild coho salmon after 7 mo of rearing in a hatchery.

scholarly journals Serotyping reanalysis of unserotypable Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates by agar gel diffusion test

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayako MORIOKA ◽  
Yoko SHIMAZAKI ◽  
Mariko UCHIYAMA ◽  
Shoko SUZUKI
Keyword(s):  
Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae ◽  
Diffusion Test ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Gel Diffusion

scholarly journals The human pathogenic vibrios – A public health update with environmental perspectives

1989 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. West
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Liver Disorders ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Pathogenic Vibrio ◽  
Ear Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Vibrios ◽  
Living Bacteria

PathogenicVibriospecies are naturally-occurring bacteria in freshwater and saline aquatic environments. Counts of free-living bacteria in water are generally less than required to induce disease. Increases in number of organisms towards an infective dose can occur as water temperatures rise seasonally followed by growth and concentration of bacteria on higher animals, such as chitinous plankton, or accumulation by shellfish and seafood. PathogenicVibriospecies must elaborate a series of virulence factors to elicit disease in humans.Activities which predispose diarrhoeal and extraintestinal infections include ingestion of seafood and shellfish and occupational or recreational exposure to natural aquatic environments, especially those above 20 °C. Travel to areas endemic for diseases due to pathogenicVibriospecies may be associated with infections. Host risk factors strongly associated with infections are lack of gastric acid and liver disorders.Involvement of pathogenicVibriospecies in cases of diarrhoea should be suspected especially if infection is associated with ingestion of seafood or shellfish, raw or undercooked, in the previous 72 h.Vibriospecies should be suspected in any acute infection associated with wounds sustained or exposed in the marine or estuarine environment. Laboratories serving coastal areas where infection due to pathogenic Vibrio species are most likely to occur should consider routine use of TCBS agar and other detection regimens for culture ofVibriospecies from faeces, blood and samples from wound and ear infections.

Pathogenicity of Vibrio anguillarum for Juvenile Winter Flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1045-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Watkins ◽  
R. E. Wolke ◽  
V. J. Cabelli
Keyword(s):  
Rhode Island ◽  
Vibrio Anguillarum ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Winter Flounder ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Pseudopleuronectes Americanus ◽  
Oral Inoculation ◽  
Bioassay Procedure ◽  
Acute Form ◽  
Host Parasite

The pathogenicity of Vibrio anguillarum for juvenile winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, was quantitatively established under laboratory conditions. Fish were obtained from Rhode Island waters, acclimatized in tanks for 4–6 wk, and then challenged with V. anguillarum. The LD50 was relatively constant for 24–to 72-h cultures of the organism using intraperitoneal, intramuscular, and intravenous challenge routes. The LD50 via oral inoculation was about 3 logs greater. The LD50 for fish collected, acclimatized, and challenged during the winter was ~3 logs less than that found for fish in the summer. The median intramuscular LD50 for 11 strains examined under the optimum conditions for infection was 2.4 × 105 (range 7.3 × 104 to 1.6 × 106) organisms. Gross and histopathological changes in the acute form of the disease were minimal, being limited to anemia, leucopenia, ecchymosis and necrosis at the site of inoculation, and behavioral changes. A chronic form of vibriosis was observed primarily during the summer in fish given sublethal doses. A potent, lethal V. anguillarum toxin could not be demonstrated. Potentially, this reproducible host–parasite system might have use in a short-term bioassay procedure for toxic pollutants of the marine environment.Key words: Vibrio anguillarum, winter founder, LD50, histopathological changes, acute and chronic vibriosis, toxin, bioassay

scholarly journals THE IDENTIFICATION AND ISOLATION OF TWO MOUSE-TOXIC PROTEIN COMPONENTS IN EXTRACTS FROM PASTEURELLA PESTIS

1964 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 1201-1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Montie ◽  
Diane B. Montie ◽  
Samuel J. Ajl
Keyword(s):  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Cytoplasmic Fraction ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Toxin B ◽  
Precipitin Reaction ◽  
Surface Active Agents ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Protein Components ◽  
Gel Diffusion ◽  
Electrophoresis Technique

The toxin activity of Pasteurella pestis cells, strain "Tjiwidej," was found to be associated with two proteins. Using a disc electrophoresis technique in conjunction with mouse lethality, two toxic proteins were isolated exhibiting intraperitoneal LD50's of less than 1.0 to 1.5 µg protein. Each produced a single characteristic precipitin band on agar gel diffusion plates. The slower migrating toxin in gel diffusion or disc electrophoresis was designated as toxin A. It was shown to be sensitive to deoxycholate and digitonin, did not accumulate in 5-fluorotryptophan treated cells, and was associated with the membrane fraction of the cell. The faster migrating toxin B, apparently is resistant to surface-active agents, and is not affected by treatment of cells with 5-fluorotryptophan. Toxin B is associated with the soluble or cytoplasmic fraction of the cell. This evidence suggested that each toxin represented a distinctly different molecular species. The possibility is discussed that toxin B is synonymous with the murine toxin previously isolated by paper curtain electrophoresis which revealed only one antigen band in the Oudin precipitin reaction.

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