Effects of Early Rearing Environment on Stress Response, Immune Function, and Disease Resistance in Juvenile Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook Salmon (O.tshawytscha)

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kira Salonius ◽  
George K. Iwama
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Vibrio Anguillarum ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Handling Stress ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Natural Water Body

Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (0. tshawytscha) from aquaculture and wild environments were subjected to handling (30–60 s of netting and aerial emersion) and disease challenges. Plasma cortisol concentrations ([cortisol]pl) in both coho and chinook salmon from wild environments were significantly elevated 4 h after handling. Colonized coho salmon (hatchery-reared fish, transported into a natural water body as fry) responded in a similar fashion to wild fish, while those reared entirely in the hatchery showed no significant rise in [cortisol]pl. The responses to handling stress were retained in wild and colonized coho salmon after 7 mo of hatchery rearing. A transient increase in the leukocyte to red blood cell ratio in both wild and hatchery-reared chinook salmon occurred 4 h after handling. Handling signficantly decreased the antibody-producing cell (APC) number in wild fish and elevated their [cortisol]plrelative to hatchery fish. Wild fish had the highest APC number among the three groups before the handling. No difference in resistance to Vibrio anguillarum was apparent in coho and chinook salmon among the different rearing environments, although chinook salmon were generally more susceptible; disease resistance was reduced in wild coho salmon after 7 mo of rearing in a hatchery.

Changes in Cortisol Dynamics in Wild and Hatchery-Reared Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) During Smoltification

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 2179-2187 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mark Shrimpton ◽  
Nicholas J. Bernier ◽  
David J. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Corticosteroid Receptor ◽  
Cr Concentration

Cortisol dynamics were examined in hatchery and wild juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) over the spring of 1991 and 1992 when the fish were smolting. Wild fish were caught in the upper Quinsam River, British Columbia and at the downstream enumeration fence when they started to migrate. Two groups of hatchery fish were from the top and bottom ends of an earthen rearing channel. Plasma cortisol levels increased during the spring in all groups, but were significantly greater in wild than in hatchery smolts. The half-life of plasma cortisol decreased as fish smolted; however, there was no difference among the groups. Corticosteroid receptor (CR) concentration and affinity decreased during the spring. Wild fish consistently possessed the greatest gill concentration of CR. The change in dissociation constant (kD) was similar for hatchery and wild fish during spring 1991. In 1992, hatchery fish showed a similar gradual increase. In contrast, wild fish did not show an increase in kD until May. The changes in cortisol concentration in the plasma and the CR kD occurred synchronously with the increase in Na+K+ATPase activity in wild fish, which showed the greatest increase in kD, plasma cortisol, and Na+K+ATPase activity.

Immunization of Pacific Salmon: Comparison of Intraperitoneal Injection and Hyperosmotic Infiltration of Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida Bacterins

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Antipa ◽  
Donald F. Amend
Keyword(s):  
Field Test ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Vibrio Anguillarum ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Significant Protection ◽  
Test Conditions

Two methods of immunizing fish, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and hyperosmotic infiltration, were compared for control of vibriosis and furunculosis in pen-reared coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha). Both methods provided significant protection against vibriosis under field test conditions. In coho salmon, hyperosmotic infiltration provided the best protection and fastest rise in antibody titer of seven treatments tested. In chinook salmon, hyperosmotic infiltration of Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida vaccines resulted in 83.3% survival in comparison with 28.7% survival in controls. Both i.p. injection and hyperosmotic infiltration of V. anguillarum and A. salmonicida bacterins resulted in production of serum antibodies specific for each respective pathogen. Vaccination with bivalent V. anguillarum–A. salmonicida vaccines produced antibodies to both pathogens, and provided protection against vibriosis. Growth rates of vaccinated coho salmon were not significantly different from controls.

The Effect of Short-duration Seawater Exposure on the Swimming Performance of Wild and Hatchery-reared Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) during Smoltification

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 2188-2194 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Brauner ◽  
G. K. Iwama ◽  
D. J. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Aerobic Metabolism ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Oxygen Carrying Capacity ◽  
Seawater Challenge

The critical swimming velocity (Ucrit) and haematology of wild and hatchery-reared coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) juveniles were examined in either fresh water or seawater following a 24-h seawater challenge, at the time of smoltification. In fresh water, wild smolts swam faster than hatchery-reared fish but this could largely be accounted for by scaling for body size. Transfer to seawater significantly elevated resting plasma [Na+] and reduced subsequent Ucrit in hatchery fish (by 12%) relative to that determined in fresh water but had no significant effect on resting plasma [Na+] and Ucrit in wild fish. Swimming the fish a second time in seawater after the initial 2-h exercise period resulted in a significant reduction in Ucrit relative to that in fresh water in both wild fish (16%) and hatchery fish (a further 14%); this relatively greater impairment in Ucrit in hatchery fish was due to a reduced hypo-osmoregulatory ability following seawater transfer that impairs conditions for muscle contractility and aerobic metabolism. Aerobic metabolism in seawater-exposed fish was affected in part through a reduction in haematocrit and an increase in plasma volume, reducing oxygen carrying capacity of the blood relative to conditions in fresh water.

Stress alters immune function and disease resistance in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1989 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Maule ◽  
R. A. Tripp ◽  
S. L. Kaattari ◽  
C. B. Schreck
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Vibrio Anguillarum ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Mean Time

ABSTRACT We examined the effects of acute stress on the immune system and disease resistance of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in laboratory and clinical trials. Immune function, as measured by the ability of lymphocytes from the anterior kidney to generate specific antibody-producing cells (APC) in vitro, was depressed 4 h after stress, when plasma cortisol levels were highest. At the same time, resistance to the fish pathogen, Vibrio anguillarum, was also depressed. Compared with controls, plasma cortisol and APC of stressed fish were unchanged after 24 h, and disease resistance was enhanced as evidenced by higher survival rate and longer mean time to death of mortalities. After 7 days, even though numbers of APC were depressed, plasma cortisol concentration and disease resistance did not differ from controls. This pattern was generally the same, independent of the type of stress applied: i.e. being held out of water in a dipnet for 30 s, manipulation during hatchery operations for 4 h, or transportation for 9 h. These and earlier findings suggest that similar endocrine-immune interactions operate in the mammalian and salmonid systems during acute stress. Journal of Endocrinology (1989) 120, 135–142

Factors influencing the relative fitness of hatchery and wild spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Wenatchee River, Washington, USA

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 1840-1851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin S. Williamson ◽  
Andrew R. Murdoch ◽  
Todd N. Pearsons ◽  
Eric J. Ward ◽  
Michael J. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Parentage Analysis ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Relative Fitness ◽  
Male Fitness ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Management And Conservation ◽  
Older Males

Understanding the relative fitness of naturally spawning hatchery fish compared with wild fish has become an important issue in the management and conservation of salmonids. We used a DNA-based parentage analysis to measure the relative reproductive success of hatchery- and natural-origin spring Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) in the natural environment. Size and age had a large influence on male fitness, with larger and older males producing more offspring than smaller or younger individuals. Size had a significant effect on female fitness, but the effect was smaller than on male fitness. For both sexes, run time had a smaller but still significant effect on fitness, with earlier returning fish favored. Spawning location within the river had a significant effect on fitness for both sexes. Hatchery-origin fish produced about half the juvenile progeny per parent when spawning naturally than did natural-origin fish. Hatchery fish tended to be younger and return to lower areas of the watershed than wild fish, which explained some of their lower fitness.

Differences in Measurements of Smolt Development Between Wild and Hatchery-Reared Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Before and After Saltwater Exposure

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 2170-2178 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mark Shrimpton ◽  
Nicholas J. Bernier ◽  
George K. Iwama ◽  
David J. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Saltwater Tolerance

We compared the saltwater tolerance of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) juveniles that were reared in different environments. The groups examined consisted of fish reared exclusively in the hatchery, a hatchery group transplanted into the upper watershed of the river (colonized), and wild fish from natural spawning broodstock in the river. Although hatchery fish were much larger than their wild or colonized counterparts, they consistently showed a reduced saltwater tolerance as assessed by a much greater perturbation in plasma sodium concentration following transfer to salt water. Within each group there was no relationship between size of the fish and saltwater tolerance. Following transfer to sea water, hatchery fish showed a significant decline in haematocrit and a significant increase in circulating plasma cortisol concentration. Neither of these changes was seen in wild smolts. Hatchery fish possessed fewer chloride cells, and lower specific activities of the enzymes Na+K+ATPase and citrate synthase. The weaker osmoregulatory ability of hatchery fish led to a greater mortality following abrupt transfer to 35‰ seawater. We believe that the differences in saltwater tolerance seen among the different groups of fish are due to rearing environment.

Density-Dependence at Sea for Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 1765-1772 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Emlen ◽  
R. R. Reisenbichler ◽  
A. M. McGie ◽  
T. E. Nickelson
Keyword(s):  
Density Dependence ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Density Dependent Mortality ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Statistical Assumptions ◽  
Diminishing Returns ◽  
Salmon Hatchery ◽  
Dependent Mortality

The success of expanded salmon hatchery programs will depend strongly on the degree of density-induced diminishing returns per smolt released. Several authors have addressed the question of density-dependent mortality at sea in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), but have come to conflicting conclusions. We believe there are compelling reasons to reinvestigate the data, and have done so for public hatchery fish, using a variety of approaches. The results provide evidence that survival of these public hatchery fish is negatively affected, directly by the number of public hatchery smolts and indirectly by the number of private hatchery smolts. These results are weak, statistically, and should be considered primarily as a caution to those who, on the basis of other published work, believe that density-dependence does not exist. The results reported here also re-emphasize the often overlooked point that inferences drawn from data are strongly biased by investigators' views of how the systems of interest work and by the statistical assumptions they make preparatory to the analysis of those data.

Potential benefits of a conservation hatchery program for supplementing Oregon coast coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) populations: a stochastic model investigation

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1920-1935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen R Oosterhout ◽  
Charles W Huntington ◽  
Thomas E Nickelson ◽  
Peter W Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Restoration ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Solution Space ◽  
Oregon Coast ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Natural Production ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Genetic Risks ◽  
Hatchery Program

This study developed a stochastic life cycle model to simulate idealized supplementation strategies to investigate the following question: under what circumstances could hatchery fish stocking contribute to the recovery of Oregon coast coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)? Simulations were used to find a solution space, defined by the attributes of wild and hatchery-bred salmon, their offspring, and their environments, where hatchery fish could supplement natural production without further depressing it until natural or human factors restricting production were relieved. These simulations suggest that short-duration, tightly controlled, low-intensity conservation hatchery programs designed to minimize genetic and ecological risks may yield minor short-term increases in adult coho salmon abundance while posing significant ecological and genetic risks. No solution space was found that indicated clear long-term benefits from such a supplementation program. Of all the management actions modeled, habitat restoration offered by far the largest and only permanent gains in coho salmon abundance while posing no genetic or ecological risk to the fish. The modeled benefits of habitat restoration were significant regardless of assumptions made about the fitness of hatchery fish and their offspring.

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