Exhaustive Exercise in "Wild" Atlantic Salmon (Salmo saiar): Acid–Base Regulation and Blood Gas Transport

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 868-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Tufts ◽  
Y. Tang ◽  
K. Tufts ◽  
R. G. Boutilier
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Oxygen ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Content ◽  
Arterial Partial Pressure

Wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) collected during their spawning migration were transported to the laboratory to investigate effects of exhaustive exercise on acid–base regulation and blood gas transport. Exhaustive exercise resulted in a very large extracellular acidosis which lasted for about 4 h. Blood lactate levels were extremely high and remained significantly elevated for at least 8 h after exercise. The degree of erythrocyte pH regulation was minimal and there was a significant fall in both erythrocyte pH and haemoglobin:oxygen carriage during the recovery period. Together, the significant decrease in erythrocyte pH and a significant reduction in the arterial partial pressure of oxygen resulted in a significant fall in arterial oxygen content immediately after exercise. Thereafter, arterial oxygen content was maintained by a significant increase in hematocrit and an increase in the arterial partial pressure of oxygen. Despite the extremely large lactacidosis in these wild fish, there were no mortalities during the recovery period. However, significant mortality has been reported in studies on domestic salmonids, and this suggests that wild salmonids may be better adapted for exhaustive exercise. This result supports the rationale of a "catch and release" recreational fishery for Atlantic salmon.

scholarly journals Correlating arterial blood gas, acid–base and blood pressure abnormalities with outcomes in COVID-19 intensive care patients

2020 ◽  
pp. 000456322097253
Author(s):  
Morne C Bezuidenhout ◽  
Owen J Wiese ◽  
Desiree Moodley ◽  
Elizna Maasdorp ◽  
Mogamat R Davids ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Oxygen ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood

Background During the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), many studies have investigated laboratory biomarkers in management and prognostication of COVID-19 patients, however to date, few have investigated arterial blood gas, acid–base and blood pressure patterns. The aim of the study is to assess the arterial blood gas and acid–base patterns, blood pressure findings and their association with the outcomes of COVID-19 patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Methods A single-centre retrospective, observational study in a dedicated COVID-19 intensive care unit in Cape Town, South Africa. Admission arterial blood gas, serum electrolytes, renal function and blood pressure readings performed on COVID-19 patients admitted between 26 March and 2 June 2020 were analysed and compared between survivors and non-survivors. Results A total of 56 intensive care unit patients had admission arterial blood gas performed at the time of intensive care unit admission. An alkalaemia (pH > 7.45) was observed in 36 (64.3%) patients. A higher arterial pH (median 7.48 [interquartile range: 7.45–7.51] versus 7.46 [interquartile range: 7.40–7.48], P = 0.049) and partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (median 7.9 kPa [interquartile range: 7.3–9.6] versus 6.5 kPa [interquartile range: 5.2–7.3], P = <0.001) were significantly associated with survival. Survivors also tended to have a higher systolic blood pressure (median: 144 mmHg [interquartile range: 134–152] versus 139 mmHg [interquartile range: 125–142], P = 0.078) and higher arterial HCO3 (median: 28.0 mmol/L [interquartile range: 25.7–28.8] versus 26.3 mmol/L [interquartile range: 24.3–27.9], P = 0.059). Conclusions The majority of the study population admitted to intensive care unit had an alkalaemia on arterial blood gas. A higher pH and lower partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood on arterial blood gas analysis were significantly associated with survival.

White Muscle Intracellular Acid-Base and Lactate Status Following Exhaustive Exercise: A Comparison between Freshwater- and Sea Water- Adapted Rainbow Trout

1991 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
YONG TANG ◽  
ROBERT G. BOUTILIER
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ph Regulation ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Intracellular Acid

The intracellular acid-base status of white muscle of freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) -adapted rainbow trout was examined before and after exhaustive exercise. Exhaustive exercise resulted in a pronounced intracellular acidosis with a greater pH drop in SW (0.82 pH units) than in FW (0.66 pH units) trout; this was accompanied by a marked rise in intracellular lactate levels, with more pronounced increases occurring in SW (54.4 mmoll−1) than in FW (45.7 mmoll−1) trout. Despite the more severe acidosis, recovery was faster in the SW animals, as indicated by a more rapid clearance of metabolic H+ and lactate loads. Compartmental analysis of the distribution of metabolic H+ and lactate loads showed that the more rapid recovery of pH in SW trout could be due to (1) their greater facility for excreting H+ equivalents to the environmental water [e.g. 15.5 % (SW) vs 5.0 % (FW) of the initial H+ load was stored in external water at 250 min post-exercise] and, to a greater extent, (2) the more rapid removal of H+, facilitated via lactate metabolism in situ (white muscle) and/or the Cori cycle (e.g. heart, liver). The slower pH recovery in FW trout may also be due in part to greater production of an ‘unmeasured acid’ [maximum approx. 8.5 mmol kg−1 fish (FW) vs approx. 6 mmol kg−1 fish (SW) at 70–130 min post-exercise] during the recovery period. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that H+-consuming metabolism is quantitatively the most important mechanism for the correction of an endogenously originating acidosis, and that extracellular pH normalization gains priority over intracellular pH regulation during recovery of acid-base status following exhaustive exercise.

scholarly journals Right-to-left shunt determination in dog lungs under inhalation anesthesia with rebreathing and non-rebreathing system

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 374-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Leguthe Rosa ◽  
Patrícia Cristina Azevedo Mota ◽  
Yara Marcondes Machado Castiglia
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Oxygen ◽  
Intrapulmonary Shunt ◽  
Inhalation Anesthesia ◽  
Arterial Partial Pressure ◽  
Venous Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Fraction Of Inspired Oxygen ◽  
Inspired Oxygen ◽  
Mixed Venous

PURPOSE: To investigatge right-to-left shunt determination in dog lungs under inhalantion anesthesia with non-rebreathing and rebreathing systems and fraction of inspired oxygen (F I O2) of 0.9 and 0.4, respectively. METHODS: Two groups of 10 dogs each under inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane: GI in which it was utilized non-rebreathing semiclosed system and F I O2 = 0.9, and GII in which it was utilized rebreathing semiclosed system and F I O2 = 0.4. The study parameters were: heart rate, medium arterial pressure, right-to-left intrapulmonary shunt, hematocrit, hemoglobin, arterial partial pressure of oxygen, mixed venous partial pressure of oxygen, mixed venous oxygen saturation, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, partial pressure of water in the alveoli. RESULTS: Shunt results were significantly different between the two groups - GI data were higher than GII in all the evaluated moments. Hence, the group with nonrebreathing (GI) developed a superior grade of intrapulmonary shunt when compared with the rebreathing group (GII). The partial pressure of water in the alveoli was significantly higher in GII. CONCLUSION: The inhalation anesthesia with non-rebreathing system and F I O2 = 0.9 developed a higher grade of intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt when compared with the rebreathing system and F I O2 = 0.4. The higher humidity in GII contributed to the result.

Changes inα-tocopherol and retinol levels during cardiopulmonary bypass correlate with maximal arterial partial pressure of oxygen

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 1061-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Valle-Giner ◽  
Ezequiel Martí-Bonmatí ◽  
Amparo Alegría-Torán ◽  
Anastasio Montero ◽  
Esteban J. Morcillo
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Oxygen ◽  
Arterial Partial Pressure

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE CRITICAL OXYGEN PRESSURE FOR HEART-BEAT FREQUENCY IN EMBRYOS OF ATLANTIC SALMON AND SPECKLED TROUT

1942 ◽  
Vol 20d (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth C. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Oxygen Pressure ◽  
Critical Pressure ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Heart Beat ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Oxygen ◽  
Critical Oxygen

Intact embryos of speckled trout and Atlantic salmon were exposed to solutions of oxygen and nitrogen in distilled water. It was observed that as the partial pressure of oxygen was reduced a pressure was found below which the frequency of the heart-beat was not maintained at the normal level characteristic of higher partial pressures of oxygen. A "critical" partial pressure of oxygen for heart-beat frequency can therefore be said to exist. Data have been obtained from which its value at five different temperatures can be determined. The critical pressures for the two organisms are similar, rising from approximately 3 to 5 mm. of mercury at 1.5 °C. to 40 to 50 mm. of mercury at 20 °C. Possible mechanisms leading to the establishment of a critical oxygen partial pressure are discussed. It seems likely that diffusion is not the limiting factor in these preparations so that the critical pressure, and its temperature coefficient, must be the property of the intracellular respiratory systems concerned. The finding that the logarithm of the critical partial pressure can be represented as a linear function of the reciprocal of the absolute temperature is consistent with this view. Temperature exercises a more pronounced effect on the critical oxygen pressure of the pacemaking process, than it does on the over-all velocity of that process as indicated by the normal frequency of the heart. It is concluded that the critical pressure is a characteristic of the chemical systems in the pace-making cells of the heart.

Decline in arterial partial pressure of oxygen after exercise: a surrogate marker of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease in patients with atrial septal defect and severe pulmonary hypertension

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivas Laksmivenkateshiah ◽  
Anil K. Singhi ◽  
Balu Vaidyanathan ◽  
Edwin Francis ◽  
Sundaram R. Karimassery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Atrial Septal Defect ◽  
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Septal Defect ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Oxygen ◽  
Arterial Partial Pressure ◽  
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Index

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the utility of decline in arterial partial pressure of oxygen after exercise as a marker of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease in patients with atrial septal defect and pulmonary hypertension.MethodsTreadmill exercise was performed in 18 patients with atrial septal defect and pulmonary hypertension. Arterial blood gas samples were obtained before and after peak exercise. A decline in the arterial pressure of oxygen of more than 10 millimetres of mercury after exercise was considered significant based on preliminary tests conducted on the controls. Cardiac catheterisation was performed in all patients and haemodynamic data sets were obtained on room air, oxygen, and a mixture of oxygen and nitric oxide (30–40 parts per million).ResultsThere were 10 patients who had more than a 10 millimetres of mercury drop in arterial partial pressure of oxygen after exercise and who had a basal pulmonary vascular resistance index of more than 7 Wood units per square metre. Out of eight patients who had less than a 10 millimetres of mercury drop in arterial partial pressure of oxygen after exercise, seven had a basal pulmonary vascular resistance index of less than 7 Wood units per square metre, p equals 0.0001. A decline in arterial partial pressure of oxygen of more than 10 millimetres of mercury predicted a basal pulmonary vascular resistance index of more than 7 Wood units per square metre with a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 90%.ConclusionsA decline in arterial partial pressure of oxygen following exercise appears to predict a high pulmonary vascular resistance index in patients with atrial septal defect and pulmonary hypertension. This test is a useful non-invasive marker of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease in this subset.

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