Experimental infection of fish with larval sealworm, Pseudotertanova decipiens (Nematoda, Anisakinae), transmitted by amphipods

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (S1) ◽  
pp. 140-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. McClelland
Keyword(s):  
Fundulus Heteroclitus ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Tissue Response ◽  
Osmerus Mordax ◽  
Pleuronectes Americanus ◽  
Rainbow Smelt ◽  
Pseudoterranova Decipiens ◽  
The Brain

Larval sealworm (Pseudoterranova decipiens, (Krabbe 1878)) were transmitted sequentially through copepods and amphipods to 12 phylogenetically diverse fish species. Although P. decipiens in amphipods were 0.82–7.08 mm long, only those ≥1.41 mm were infective to fish. Sealworm transmitted at 15 °C migrated to the musculature within 6 h in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) and 12 h in rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) but were confined to the bolus in an Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stomach at 24 h. All sealworm in smelt, but only 12% of those in cod, occupied the musculature after 7 days. Death of 15 mummichog and a grubby (Myoxocephalus aenaeus) 10–20 days after exposure apparently resulted from damage to the brain, heart, aorta, liver, or spleen by feeding and migrating nematodes. Whereas 100% of the sealworm in grubby and 86–88% of those in mummichog and winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) were dead and encapsulated in host connective tissue after 56 days, all P. decipiens in smelt were viable and unencapsulated. With length increasing linearly at 0.421 mm day−1, sealworm larvae reached 27.29 (23.60–30.70) mm after 56 days in smelt at 15 °C. However, P. decipiens, which escaped the host tissue response in mummichog and flounder, were only 10.14 (6.00–21.80) and 12.42 (9.53–14.40) mm in length, respectively.

Tissue Response of Fish to Invasion by Larval Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda; Ascaridoidea)

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1623-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Ramakrishna ◽  
M. D. B. Burt
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Tissue Response ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils ◽  
Epithelioid Cells ◽  
Collagen Fibres ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Pseudoterranova Decipiens

The histopathology of Pseudoterranova decipiens (L3) in experimentally infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and naturally infected Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) was similar. The chronic granulomatous inflammatory reaction included polymorphonuclear neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, epithelioid cells, and fibroblasts. Giant cells were also found but only in the experimentally infected rainbow trout. Mature capsules around the larvae consisted of an inner layer, composed of macrophages which underwent epithelioid transformation and later gradually degenerated, and an outer layer, composed of fibroblasts and collagen fibres. A layer of lipofuscin was adjacent to the parasite in older cod infections but this was absent in all of the newly formed capsules in the experimentally infected rainbow trout.

Biochemical Characterization of Third-Stage Larval Sealworm, Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda: Anisakidae), in Canadian Atlantic Waters using Isoelectric Focusing of Soluble Proteins

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1800-1803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracey E. Appleton ◽  
M. D. B. Burt
Keyword(s):  
Isoelectric Focusing ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Protein Band ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Rainbow Smelt ◽  
Pseudoterranova Decipiens ◽  
Third Stage

Isoelectric focusing (IEF) was performed on soluble protein extracts from whole specimens of third-stage larval sealworm (Pseudoterranova decipiens) recovered from the musculature of three fish intermediate host species: Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus), and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax). The fish were collected at various sites in the Canadian Atlantic, and IEF revealed the occurrence of two "variants" within what has previously been considered a single, uniform species of P. decipiens in these waters. The larvae were characterized by the absence ("type I" L3's) or presence ("type II" L3's) of a sharp, dark-staining protein band with a mean pl of 6.46 pH units. Type I larvae were predominant at two sites sampled in the lower Bay of Fundy, while type II larvae were predominant at three sites sampled in the Gulf of St. Lawrence region.

scholarly journals The Chemical Defensome of Fish: Conservation and Divergence of Genes Involved in Sensing and Responding to Pollutants Among Five Model Teleosts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Eide ◽  
Xiaokang Zhang ◽  
Odd André Karlsen ◽  
Jared V. Goldstone ◽  
John Stegeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fundulus Heteroclitus ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Biotransformation Enzymes ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Evolutionary Branch ◽  
Sense And Respond ◽  
And Function

Abstract How an organism copes with chemicals is largely determined by the genes and proteins that collectively function to defend against, detoxify and eliminate chemical stressors. This integrative network includes receptors and transcription factors, biotransformation enzymes, transporters, antioxidants, and metal- and heat-responsive genes, and is collectively known as the chemical defensome. Although the types of defensome genes are generally conserved in animals, there are important differences in the complement and function of specific genes between species. Teleost fish is the largest group of vertebrate species and can provide valuable insights into the evolution and functional diversity of defensome genes.In this study, we compared the genes comprising the chemical defensome of five fish species that span the teleosteii evolutionary branch often used as model species in toxicological studies and environmental monitoring programs: zebrafish (Danio rerio), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), medaka (Oryzias latipes), Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) and three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Genome miningrevealed evolved differences in the number and composition of defensome genes that can have implication for how these species sense and respond to environmental pollutants. The results indicate that knowledge regarding the diversity and function of the defensome will be important for toxicological testing and risk assessment studies.

Responses in the brain proteome of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) exposed to methylmercury

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Berg ◽  
Pål Puntervoll ◽  
Stig Valdersnes ◽  
Anders Goksøyr
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Brain Proteome ◽  
The Brain

Parasites as biological indicators of stocks of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) off Newfoundland, Canada

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (S1) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Khan ◽  
C. Tuck
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Paired Comparisons ◽  
Pseudoterranova Decipiens

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were collected from six locations on the continental shelf off Newfoundland, Canada, including one inshore area and examined for parasites from 1981 to 1983. The protozoan Loma branchialis was more prevalent in North Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) areas 3Pn-4R (Gulf of St. Lawrence) and 2J-3K (Labrador), whereas the acanthocephalan Echinorhynchus gadi was more abundant in the latter than in other locations. Similarly, the prevalence and (or) abundance of the fillet-inhabiting larval nematode Pseudoterranova decipiens and the blood-feeding copepod Lernaeocera branchialis were significantly greater in fish from 3Ps (St. Pierre Bank) and 3Pn-4R than from all adjacent areas. Gastrointestinal ascaridoid nematodes were more abundant in 3M (Flemish Cap) cod than in other localities. No differences in the prevalence and abundance of E. gadi were detected in samples in relation to sex or size class. Paired comparisons of transformed data for the different parasite taxa revealed that there were more significant differences than similarities in cod sampled from adjacent NAFO divisions. These observations based on selected parasites (Loma branchialis, Trypanosoma murmanensis, Myxidium gadi, P. decipiens, gastrointestinal ascaridoid nematodes, E. gadi, and Lernaeocera branchialis) support the view that discrete stocks of cod inhabit the Newfoundland–Labrador continental shelf.

scholarly journals Distribution and abundance of sealworm (Pseudoterranova decipiens) and other anisakid nematodes in fish and seals in the Gulf of St. Lawrence: potential importance of climatic conditions

2001 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J Marcogliese
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Pseudoterranova Decipiens ◽  
Nematode Abundance ◽  
Contracaecum Osculatum ◽  
Myoxocephalus Scorpius ◽  
Longhorn Sculpin ◽  
Anisakid Nematodes ◽  
Seal Diet

Prevalence and abundance of sealworm (Pseudoterranova decipiens) and other anisakid nematodes were determined in a variety of fishes from the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1990 and 1992. Sealworm abundance and prevalence were also determined in three species of seals in the Gulf between 1988 and 1992. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and shorthorn (Myoxocephalus scorpius) and longhorn sculpin (M. octodecemspinosus) were the fishes most heavily infected with sealworm. Grey seals(Halichoerus grypus) proved to be the most important definitive hosts for sealworm in the Gulf. Abundance of sealworm increased, whereas that of Anisakis simplex and contracaecine nematodes decreased, from north to south in the Gulf. Abundance of sealworm increased compared to earlier surveys in most areas of the Gulf, but decreased in both cod and grey seals during the course of this study. In contrast, abundance of Contracaecum osculatum and Phocascaris spp. in grey seals and cod continued to increase during the study period. Observed increases of nematodes are attributed to growing populations of grey seals (for sealworm) and harp seals (for Contracaecinea). Levels of A. simplex remained relatively constant between 1988 and 1992 in both grey seals and cod. There is no evidence suggesting that observed patterns in nematode abundance were due to changes in grey seal diet. Nor was there any evidence of competition between P. decipiens and C. osculatum in grey seals affecting either sealworm abundance or fecundity. The trends detected herein are attributed to climatic events in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where water temperatures in the cold intermediate layer consistently decreased between 1986 and 1994. It is suggested that low temperatures inhibited development and hatching of sealworm eggs, but not those of C. osculatum.

Serial Passage of Larval Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda:Ascaridoidea) in Fish

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. B. Burt ◽  
J. D. Campbell ◽  
C. G. Likely ◽  
J. W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Serial Passage ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
First Passage ◽  
Pseudoterranova Decipiens ◽  
Sea Raven ◽  
Hemitripterus Americanus

In one experiment, 24 brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in fresh water at 11 ± 1 °C were each orally infected by intubation with two third-stage larvae of "sealworm" (Pseudoterranova decipiens) harvested from the flesh of sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus) and small Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). In a second experiment, 27 cod in sea water at 0 °C were each force fed, under anaesthesia, four P. decipiens larvae held in a capelin "purse"; these larvae were harvested from large, commercial size cod. Sequential reinvasion by the same P. decipiens larvae was achieved in both of the serial passage experiments. In brook trout, larvae sequentially reinvaded a maximum of two fish, with larvae of cod origin being the more successful at first passage (62.5%) than those of sea raven origin (31.3 and 37.5%). In cod, larvae also achieved sequential reinvasion of a maximum of two fish; the relatively lower success rates of 22.2% (first passage) and 9.1% (second passage) probably reflect the low temperature (0 °C) at which the experiment was conducted.

Brain cooling marginally increases maximum thermal tolerance in Atlantic cod

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Jutfelt ◽  
Dominique G. Roche ◽  
Timothy D Clark ◽  
Tommy Norin ◽  
Sandra A. Binning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Brain Temperature ◽  
Brain Cooling ◽  
Local Cooling ◽  
Thermal Limits ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTThe physiological mechanisms determining thermal limits in fishes are debated but remain elusive. It has been hypothesised that loss of motor function observed as a loss of equilibrium during an acute thermal challenge is due to direct thermal effects on brain neuronal function. To test this hypothesis, we mounted cooling plates on the head of Atlantic cod(Gadus morhua)and quantified whether local cooling of the brain increased whole-organism critical thermal maxima (CTmax). Brain cooling reduced brain temperature by 2–6°C and increased CTmaxby 0.5–0.7°C relative to instrumented and uninstrumented controls, suggesting that direct thermal effects on brain neurons might contribute to setting upper thermal limits in fish. However, the improvement in CTmaxwith brain cooling was small relative to the difference in brain temperature, demonstrating that other mechanisms (e.g., failure of spinal and peripheral neurons, or muscle) may also contribute to controlling acute thermal tolerance in fishes.Summary statementWe tested whether brain temperature sets the upper thermal limit in a fish. Selectively cooling the brain during whole-organism thermal ramping marginally increased thermal tolerance.

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